THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
HAMBURG, ARCHBISHOPRIC OF: The Saxon territory north of the Elbe made a stubborn resistance to Christianity. It is not till 780 that the Nordleudi submitted to baptism, and even then it was rather an act of submission to Charlemagne than the result of missionary labor. The first church in Hamburg was certainly not built till after 804, for it was consecrated by Amalarius of Treves, who had been in charge of the mission there, and who entered on his episcopate in that year. Later a priest named Heridac took his place in this district. When Louis the Pious completed the organization of the Saxon bishoprics, he divided the territory between Bremen' and Verden. Later, however, he conceived the idea of erecting an archbishopric on the northern frontier in connection with the Scandinavian mission, and in 831 he had Ansgar (q.v.) consecrated by his brother Drogo of Metz as the head of a diocese formed out of parts of Bremen and Verden. Christianity was still in a rudimentary stage here; there were only four " baptismal churches," at Hamburg, Heiligenstedten, Schonefeld, and Meldorf. The archbishopric of Hamburg at first had no suffragans. Gregory IV. named him papal legate for the north and east of Europe; but this was at first rather an empty title. After Hamburg was destroyed by the Northmen in 845, the existence of the bishopric was possible only by a union with Bremen (q.v.), which gave rise to a long controversy with Hermann of Cologne, to whose metropolitan jurisdiction Bremen had been subject. Pope Formosus decided in 892 that Hamburg and Bremen should be united until the former had suffragan sees of its own. These were not erected until 947, when Adaldag was consecrated bishop for Sleswick, Ripen and Aarhus; Oldenburg apparently came later. Bremen, however, still remained united with Hamburg, Bruno of Cologne renouncing his claims. Archbishop Unwan asserted metropolitan rights over Denmark, Norway and Sweden; but it was only a question of time .when these countries should have national churches of their own, which was finally brought to pass when Paschal II. raised Lund to an archbishopric in 1104. Archbishop Adalbero succeeded in checking the progress of separation for the moment at the Lateran Council of 1123, and Innocent II. in 1133 confirmed the old rights of Hamburg; but the same pope in 1137 finally dissolved the connection of the northern countries with Hamburg, which, however, kept Oldenburg and increased its jurisdiction by the foundation of new dioceses of Mecklenburg (Schwerin) and Ratzeburg.
(A. Hauck.) Bibliography: The sources are: J. M. Lappenberg, Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch, Hamburg, 1842; Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesim pontificum, in MGH, Script., vii (1846), 267; Series Bremensium el Hammaburgensium episcoporum, in the same, p. 389; Annates Hamburgenses, in MGH, Script., xvi (1859), 380; P. Hasse, Regesten und Urkunden Schleswig-Holstein- Lauenburg, Hamburg, 1S85 sqq. Consult Rettberg, KD. ii. 490; K. Koppmann, Die altesten Urkunden des Erzbistums Hamburg-Bremen, Hamburg, 1866; G. T>ehio,Geschichle des Erzbistums Hamburg-Bremen, 2 vols., Berlin, 1878; Hauck, KD, ii. 675 sqq. et passim; T. Tamm, Die Anlange des Erzbistums Hamburg-Bremen, Jena, 1888; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 271-290 et passim; and the literature under Adalbert and Ansgar.
HAMBURGER, JAKOB : German Jewish rabbi; b. at Loslau (100 m. s.e. of Breslau), Silesia, Nov. 10, 1826. He was educated at the rabbinical schools of Hotzenplotz, Presburg, and Nikolsburg, and at the universities of Breslau and Berlin (Ph.D. Leipsic, 1852). He was then rabbi at Neustadt-bei- Pinne (1852-59), and since 1859 has been rabbi at Mecklenburg-Strelitz. He has written Geist und Ursprung der aramaischen Vebersetzung des Pentateuchs, bekannt unter dem Namen Targum Onkelos (Leipsic, 1852); Der Geist der Hagada, Sammlung hagadischer Ausspruche aus den Talmudim und Midraschim (1859); and the important Realencyclopddie des Judenlums (3 vols., Strelitz and Leipsic, 1865-91, n. e. completed 1901).
HAMEL, ha"mel', JEAN BAPTISTE DU: French Roman Catholic; b. at Vire (36 m. s.w. of Caen), Normandy, 1624; d. Aug. 6, 1706. He studied at Paris and in 1643 entered the congregation of the Oratory, which he left ten years later to become pastor at Neuilly-sur-Marne. He was secretary of the Academy of Sciences at Paris from 1666 till 1699. In 1668 he attended the peace negotiations at Aachen and then accompanied the French ambassador to England. He was held in high esteem by the leading scholars of his time. Aside from writings on physics and mathematics, his principal works are: De consensu veteris et novce philosophice (Paris, 1663); Philosophia vetus et nova ad usum scholce accommodata (4 vols., 1678); and Theologia speculatrix et practica juxta sanctorum patrum dogmata pertractata (7 vols., 1691), which he abbreviated as Theologia clericorum seminariis accommodate summarium (5 vols., 1694). All of these works have been frequently edited and reprinted. Other works are, Institutiones biblical seu scriptural sacra prolegomena (2 vols., 1698); and a large edition of the Vulgate, with notes (2 vols., 1706).
(R. Seeberg.)
Bibliography: Niceron, Memoires, i. 265 sqq.; C. G. Heinrich, Geschichte der verschiedenen Lehrarten der chrisllichen Glaubenswahrheiten, pp. 382 sqq., Leipsic, 1780; Journal des savans, 1707, supplement, pp. 88 sqq.; KL, v. 1480-81.
HAMEL, JEAN DU: Jesuit theologian of the second half of the sixteenth century. He taught theology at Louvain, where, on account of his Semi- Pelagian views concerning predestination and grace, he came into conflict with Michael Bajus (q.v.), then chancellor of the university. The result was that in 1587 thirty-four theses taken from the lectures of Hamel and his Jesuit colleague, Leonardus Lessius (q.v.) were condemned by the theological faculty at Louvain. This action was indorsed by the University of Douai. After the two Jesuits had received the support of several other universities, Rome interfered and declared that their teachings were dogmatically unobjectionable.
(R. Seeberg.)
HAMELMANN, ha'mel-man, HERMANN: German reformer; b. at Osnabriick (74 m. w.s.w. of Hanover) 1525; d. at Oldenburg (24 m. w.n.w. of Bremen) June 26, 1595. He was educated at Osnabriick, Minister, Emmerich, and Dortmund, was ordained priest at Miinster, and at first signalized himself as a violent opponent of Luther. In