RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hammurabi and. His Code Hampden
ure is in H alone; similar are those sections which deal with the features of the country peculiar to Babylonia, such as the canals and the care of them. The probability seems to be in favor, therefore, of the position that while in the earlier code of M nothing beyond the most general influence of Babylonian culture is evident, in the later codes that influence was intensified; but direct borrowing is yet to be shown as the true solution of the agreements. Indeed the later codes of M seem to show a knowledge of H or its equivalent of the time by avoiding the specific treatment and substituting that more in accordance with its own genius. The correspondences are as close, though not as numerous, in the earliest code of M, where the theory of direct borrowing is hardly tenable. The agreement of the later codes of M with H are generally of the same kind as that of the earliest and in the same class of cases. Geo. W Gilmore.
Bibliography: On Hammurabi, beside the literature given under Babylonia, consuft: L. W King, Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi, 3 vols., London, 1898-1901 (vol. iii. is the translation; as a source this series of letters is of the first rank); M. W. Montgomery, Briefe aus der Zeit des Hammurabi, Leipsic, 1901; G. Nagel, Die
Briefe Hammurabis an Sin-iddinam, in Beitrage zur Assyriologie, iv. 434-483, Leipsic, 1902; T. G. Pinches, The Old Testament in the Light of the Historical Records of Assyria and Babylonia, London, 1902; W. St. C. Boscawen, First of Empires, pp. 162-263, ib. 1903 (has also a transl. and study of the Code); D. H. Miiller, in Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, xvii (1903-04), 337-342; W. H. Ward, Who was Hammurabi? in The Century, lxvi (1903), 454-460.
The literature on the Code is voluminous, the following are the most important contributions: V Scheil, Delegation en Perse. Memoires publies sous la direction de M. J. de Morgan, vol. iv., Textes Elamitiquet-semitiques, deuxieme serie, Paris, 1902 (the editio princeps of the Code, in photogravure, transliteration and translation; a magnificent volume); idem, La Loi de Hammourabi, ib. 1903; S. A. Cook, Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi, London, 1903 (full, but lacks the desideratum of clearness); H. Grimme, Das Gesetz Chammurabis und Moses, Cologne, 1903, Eng. transl., London, 1907; J. Jeremias, Moses und Hammurabi, Leipsic, 1903 (notes connections of the codes); C. W H. Johns, Oldest Code of Laws in the World, Edinburgh, 1903 (very brief); E. K6nig, in Die Grenzboten, lxii (1903), 597-603; S. Oettli, Das Gesetz Hammurabis und die Thora, Leipsic, 1903; H. Winckler, in Der Alte Orient, ib. 1903 (with brief notes); idem, Die Gesetze Hammurabis in Umschrift und Uebersetzung, Leipsic, 1904; R. D. Wilson, in Princeton Theological Review, Apr., 1903, pp. 239-255 (philological); Dareste, in Journal des Savants, 1903, pp. 517-528, 586- 596; R. F. Harper, Code of Hammurabi . autographed Text, Transliteration, Glossary, Index, . . Chicago, 1904 (as a source second only to Scheil's edition); E. Besta, in Rivista ltal. de sociologica, viii (1904), 179-236; S. Daiches, in Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie, xviii (1904), 202- 222; D. O. Dykes, m Juridical Review, xvi (1904), 72- 85 (from a lawyer's point of view); C. Edwards, The Hammurabi Code and the Sinaitic Legislation, London, 1904; A. H. Godbey, in Reformed Church Review, viii (1904), 469; D. G. Lyon, in JAOS, xxv. (1904), part 2, pp. 248-274; G. E. Vincent, in American Journal of Sociology, ix (1904), 737-754; P. Berger, in Grande Revue, 1905, vol ii. 23-48; Hammurabi and Moses, Cincinnati, 1905; O. B. Jenkins, in American Law Review, xxxix (1905), 330-341; J. A. Kelso, in Princeton Theological Review, iii (1905), 399-412; W. T. Pilter, The Law of Hammurabi and of Moses, London, 1907; M. Schorr, Altbabylonische Rechtsurkunden aus der Zeit der ersten babylonischen Dynastie {ZS00-2100 B.C.). Vienna, 1907; M. Flugel, The Humanity, Benevolence, and Charity Legislation of the Pentateuch and the Talmud in Parallel with the Laws of Hammurabi, the Doctrine of Egypt, the Roman XII Tables, and Modern Codes, Baltimore, 1908; C
M. Cobern, in Methodist Review, Ixxxvi. 696-703; G. Cohn, Gesetze Hammurabis, Zurich, 1903 (compares the Code with the old German laws); Miiller, in J ahresbericht der israelitisch-theologischen Lehranstalt, Vienna, 1903 (compares the Code with the twelve Roman tables). An excellent discussion by C. H. W. Johns may be found in DB, extra vol., pp. 584-612. Further literature is given in C. F. Kent, Student's Old Testament, iv. 280, New York, 1907.
HAMON, JEAN : French physician and moralist; b. at Cherbourg 1618; d. at Port Royal Feb. 22, 1687 He studied medicine in Paris and quickly attained a prominent position in his profession. In 1651 he sold all his property, except his books, distributed the proceeds among the poor, and sought a life of penitence and solitude at Port Royal. He continued the practise of his profession among the poor of the country, administering to them both medicine and spiritual advice. He wrote a number of works, of which the most important are: Traites de piete (2 vols., Paris, 1675); Sur la priere et les devoirs des pasteurs (2 vols., 1689); Pratique de la priere continuelle (1702); and Explication du C antique des Cantiques (4 vols., 1708). Bibliography: The most complete Life is in J. Besoigne,
Histoire de I'abbaye de Port Royal, vol. iv., 6 vols., Paris,
1752 53. Consult also: Charles Beard, Port Royal, ii.
423 sqq., London, 1861; Lichtenberger, ESR, vi. 78-80.
HAMPDEN, RENN DICKSON: Bishop of Hereford; b. in Barbados Mar. 29, 1793; d. in London Apr. 23, 1868. He was sent to England in 1798 and entrusted to the care of the Rev. M. Rowlandson, vicar of Warminster, Wiltshire, by whom he was educated till 1810, when he entered Oriel College, Oxford (B.A., 1814; M.A., 1816; B.D. and D.D., 1833). At Oriel, where he became a fellow in 1814, Thomas Arnold and Richard Whately were among his intimate friends, and Keble, Pusey, and Hawkins were among his colleagues. After his ordination in 1816 he filled in succession the curacies of Newton, Blaydon, Faringdon, Hungerford, and Hackney. Afterward he engaged in literary pursuits in London. He was appointed tutor in Oriel College in 1828, principal of St. Mary's Hall in 1833, professor of moral philosophy in 1834, and in 1836 canon of Christ Church and regius professor of divinity. Owing to alleged heretical views expressed by Hampden in his Bampton lectures in 1832 this last appointment was bitterly opposed by the High-church party. The main point urged against him was his statement that the authority of the Scriptures is of greater weight than the authority of the Church. During the ensuing controversy some forty-five books or pamphlets were published. As regius professor he held the living of Ewelme from 1836 to 1847. On Dec. 28, 1847, he was elected bishop of Hereford, and was consecrated on Mar. 26, 1848, despite the remonstrance of thirteen bishops. He led an exemplary life, and in no way did he ever refer to the attacks of which he was the object. Aside from his sermons and charges his principal works are: An Essay on the Philosophical Evidence of Christianity (London, 1827); The Scholastic Philosophy Considered m its Relation to Christian Theology (Oxford, 1833), Bampton lectures for 1832; and The Fathers of Greek Philosophy (1862). Bibliography; Henrietta Hampden, Some Memorials of
R. D. Hampden, London, 1871 (by his daughter); G. V.
Hampton Court Conference Handicrafts, Hebrew