THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
in collaboration with W Herrmann), and The Acts of the Apostles (1908). He first made his mark by his work on the text of the Apostolic Fathers, in collaboration with Oscar von Gebhardt and T. Zahn (3 vols., Leipsic, 1875-77, minor ed.( 1877, 5th ed., 1906).
HARNACK, THEODOSIUS: German theologian; b. at St. Petersburg Jan. 3, 1817; d. at Dorpat Sept. 23, 1889. In 1834 he entered the University of Dorpat and pursued the study of theology under the prevailing conservative influences. In 1837 he left Dorpat and, after living for some time as tutor in the family of a Livonian nobleman, finished his studies at Berlin, Bonn, and Erlangen. Returning to Dorpat, he became extraordinary professor of practical theology in 1847 and ordinary professor in the following year. His adherence to the confessional standpoint appeared in bis Grundbekenntnisse der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche (Dorpat, 1845), a work which reveals depth of insight, skill in the elaboration of a thesis, and a style of exposition which was always attractive and often fascinating. Besides the professorship in systematic theology for which he exchanged his earlier chair, he held, after 1847, the post of university preacher. He presided over a committee of the synod of Livonia entrusted with the task of gathering material for the elaboration and improvement of the liturgy of the province, and his Liturgische Formulare fur die evangelische Kirche in Russland (2 vols., Dorpat, 1872-74) was made the basis of subsequent revisions in 1885 and in 1898. He took an active part in the conflict between the orthodox clergy and the Moravians, publishing against them Die lutherische Kirche Livlands und die herrnhutische Briidergemeinde (Erlangen, 1860). In 1853 Harnack was called to Erlangen, where he published in 1862 the first volume of his Luthers Theologie mit besonderer Beziehung auf seine Versohnungs- und Erlosungslehre. In 1866 he returned to Dorpat, but retired from active duty in 1875. In the quiet of his last years he produced the greatest of his works, Praktische Theologie (Erlangen, 1877), supplemented by the Katechetik- und Katechismus-Erkldrung (Erlangen, 1882). He contributed articles on liturgical subjects and pastoral theology to Zockler's Handbuch der theologischen Wissenschaften, and entered into the discussion of modern problems with Ueber den Kanon und die Inspiration der heiligen Schrift (Dorpat, 1885). He published a second volume on Luther's doctrine (Leipsic, 1886), which was his last production; in this he took occasion to express his dissent from the latest theological developments. In addition to the books mentioned he published Der christliche Gemeindegottesdienst im apostolischen und aUkatholischen Zeitalter (Dorpat, 1854); Die Union und ihre neuester Vertreter (Erlangen, 1855); Der kleineKatechismusM. Luthers (Stuttgart, 1856) ; and Die Kirche, ihr Amt und Regiment (Nuremberg, 1862). He was the father of Adolf Harnack (q.v.).
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HARPER, ROBERT FRANCIS: Baptist layman; b. at New Concord, O., Oct, 18, 1864. He was educated at Muskingum College, New Concord, O ., at the University of Chicago (B.A., 1883), and at the universities of Berlin and Leipsic (Ph.D., 1886).
He was instructor in Semitic languages at Yale from 1886 to 1891, as well as Assyriologist (and delegate of Yale) to the expedition of the Oriental Exploration Fund (under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania) in 1888-89. He has been at the University of Chicago in the capacities of associate professor of Semitic languages (1892— 1900), and professor (since 1900), and is at present (1908) the acting head professor of the Semitic department. He is editor of The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures and associate editor of The Biblical World and The American Journal of Theology. In theology he adheres to the views of the liberal school. He has written The Esarhaddon Inscriptions (New Haven, Conn., 1888)- Assyrian and Babylonian Letters Belonging to the Kouyunjik Collections of the British Museum (8 parts, London and Chicago, 1892-1902); Assyrian and Babylonian Literature (New York, 1901); and The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon (about 2250 B.C.) (Chicago, 1904).
HARPER, WILLIAM RAINEY : Baptist layman; b. at New Concord, O., July 26, 1856; d. at Chicago Jan. 10, 1906. He was educated at Muskingum College, New Concord (B.A., 1870), and Yale (Ph.D., 1875). After being principal of Masonic College, Macon, Tenn. (1875-76), he was tutor (1876-79) and principal (1879-80) of the preparatory department of Denison University, Granville, O., and professor of Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis in Baptist Union Theological Seminary, Chicago (1880-86). He then went to Yale as professor of Hebrew, where he remained until 1891, when he became president and head professor of Semitic languages and literatures in the newly established University of Chicago. He was also principal of the Chautauqua College of Liberal Arts in 1885-91, Woolsey professor of Biblical literature in Yale University, and instructor in Semitics in Yale Divinity School in 1889-91, a member of the Chicago Board of Education in 1896-98, and director of the Haskell Oriental Museum in the University of Chicago. In 1881 he commenced to teach Hebrew by correspondence, thus inaugurating a movement which culminated in the organization of the American Institute of Sacred Literature, and three years later (1884) he founded the American Institute of Hebrew. His remarkable ability as an organizer was strikingly exemplified by his development of the University of Chicago into one of the leading American institutions of learning. Harper was likewise an editor of The Biblical World, The American Journal of Theology, and The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, all published under the auspices of the University of Chicago. Among his numerous publications, special mention may be made of his Elements of Hebrew (New York, 1881); Elements of Hebrew Syntax by an Inductive Method (1883); Introductory New Testament Greek Method (in collaboration with R. F Weidner; 1SSS); Constructive Studies in the Priestly Element in the Old Testament (Chicago, 1902); Religion and the Higher Life (1904); The Structure of the Text of the Book of Amos (1904); The Prophetic Element in the Old Testament (1905); The Structure of the Text of the Book of Hosea (1905); The Trend in Higher