HARTMANN, KARL ROBERT EDUARD VON:
German philosopher; b. at Berlin Feb. 23, 1842; d. at the same place June 5, 1906. He was educated at the school of artillery in Berlin (1859- 1862); and held a commission (1860-65), when he was compelled to retire on account of serious knee trouble. He took his degree at Rostock in 1867, returned to Berlin, and retired to Lichterfelde (5 m. s.w. of Berlin) in 1885, doing most of his work in bed while suffering great pain. After developing the thought for twenty-two years, he began in 1864 to prepare his main philosophical work, Philosophic des Unbewussten (Berlin, 1869; 11th ed., 3 vols., 1904; French transl., M. D. Nolen, 2 vols., Paris, 1876; Eng. transl., by W. C. Coupland, Philosophy of the Unconscious, 3 vols., London, 1884). Next in rank was his Das sittliche Bewusstsein, appearing first as Phanomenologie des sittlichen Bewusstseins (Berlin, 1879) ; and next to that was the Religionsphilosophie (2 vols., Das religiose Bewusstsein der Menschheit and Die Religion des Geistes, 1882).
The object of his philosophy was to unite the " idea " of Hegel with the " will " of Schopenhauer in his doctrine of the Absolute Spirit, or, as he preferred to characterize it, spiritual monism. He held that " a will which does not will something is not." The world was produced by will and idea, but not as conscious; for consciousness, instead of being essential, is accidental to will and idea — the two poles of " the Unconscious." Matter is both idea and will. In organic existences, in instinct, in the human mind, on the field of history, the unconscious will acts as though it possessed consciousness, i.e., were aware of the ends and of the infallible means for their realization. Consciousness arises from the temporary diremption of the idea from the active will and the will's opposition to this condition. Because of the wisdom displayed in the action of the Unconscious, this is the best possible world; only this does not prove that the
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THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
world is good, or that the world would not be better, the latter of which is true. Human life labors under three illusions: (1) that happiness is possible in this life, which came to an end with the Roman Empire;
(2) that life will be crowned with happiness in another world, which science is rapidly dissipating;
(3) that happy social well-being, although postponed, can at last be realized on earth, a dream which will also ultimately be dissolved. Man's only hope lies in " final redemption from the misery of volition and existence into the painlessness of non-being and non-willing." No mortal may quit the task of life, but each must do his part to hasten the time when in the major portion of the human race the activity of the Unconscious shall be ruled by intelligence, and this stage reached, in the simultaneous action of many persons volition will resolve upon its own non-continuance, and thus idea and will will be once more reunited in the Absolute.
C. A. Beckwith.
HARTRANFT, CHESTER DAVID: Congregationalist; b. at Frederick, Pa., Oct. 15, 1839. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania (B.A., 1861) and at the New Brunswick Theological Seminary (1864), after having served in the Civil war as captain of the Eighteenth Pennsylvania Volunteers. He held pastorates at the Dutch Reformed Church, South Bushwick, N. Y. (1864-66), and at the Second Dutch Reformed Church, New Brunswick, N. J. (1866-78), giving much attention during the latter charge to oratorio and choral singing. From 1879 to 1888 he was Waldo professor of ecclesiastical history in Hartford Theological Seminary, of which he was president from 1888 to 1903, and has been honorary president there since 1903. He was also professor of Biblical theology in the same institution from 1892 to 1897, and of ecclesiastical dogmatics from 1897 to 1903. He has revised the Anti-Donatist writings of St. Augustine and the " Ecclesiastical History " of Sozomen for the American edition of The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (New York, 1887, 1890). Of late years he has resided in Germany, engaged in researches into the early history of the Schwenckf elders, the result of which is his editorship, assisted by O. B. Schlutter and E. E. Schultz, Johnson of Corpus Schwenckf eldianorum (vol. i. Leipsic, 1907).
HARTZELL, JOSEPH CRANE: Methodist Episcopal bishop; b. at Moline, 111., June 1, 1842. He was educated at Illinois Wesleyan University (B A., 1868) and Garrett Biblical Institute, Chicago (1868), and was pastor at Pekin, 111. (1868-69), and New Orleans, La. (1870-72). From 1872 until 1882 he was presiding elder of the New Orleans district and founder and editor of the South-Western Christian Advocate. He was assistant corresponding secretary of the Southern Education Society of his denomination from 1882 to 1887, and chief secretary from 1888 to 1896. In 1897 he was elected bishop for Africa. He was a member of the Methodist Ecumenical conferences held at Washington in 1 "S78 and at London in 1 S98. He is the author of several sermons and of numerous addresses and contributions to periodicals on educational and racial topics connected with America and Africa.
HARTZHEIM, JOSEPH VON: Jesuit; b. at Cologne Jan. 11, 1694; d. there Jan. 14, 1762. At the age of eighteen he became a novice of the Society of Jesus, and at the conclusion of his novitiate studied at the College of Luxemburg, and then taught Hebrew at the College of Cologne for a year after which he traveled in Italy. Returning to his native city, he was first a teacher and then rector (1726-48) at the Gymnasium Tricoronatum. He remained cathedral preacher until his death. His chief work was his continuation and partial editing of the collection of the acts of the German councils begun by the Fulda scholar J. F Schannat (b. 1685; d. 1739), of which he published the first four volumes under the title Concilia Germanice quae Jo. Frid. Schannat magna ex parte collegit, dein P. Jos. Hartzheim, S. J., plurimum auxit, continuavit, notis, digressionibus criticis, etc., illustravit (Cologne, 1759-63). The fifth volume, extending to 1500, appeared in the year of Hartzheim's death. Hartzheim wrote also: De initio metr'opoleos ecclesiasticce Colonim Claudia. Augustw Aggripinensium (3 parts, Cologne, 1731-32); Dissertationes decern historico-criticce in Sanctam Scripturam (1736-46); Bibliotheca scriptorum Coloniensium (1747); Historia rei nummarioz Coloniensis (1754); and Prodromus historiae Universitatis Coloniensis (1759). A number of his writings, such as preliminary studies for a Historia litteraria Germanim, as well as his Vita diplomatica Sancti Annonis and Historia gymnasii tricoronati, exist only in manuscript.
(O. ZoCKLERf.)
Bibliography: The Elogium was prefixed to vol. v. of the Concilia. Consult: L. Ennen, Zeitbilder aus der neuern Geschichte der Stadt Koln, Cologne, 1859; A. and A. de Backer, Bibliotheque des ecrivains de la compagnie de Jesus, ii. 44-57, 7 vols., Liege, 1853-61; ADB, x. 721-722; KL, v. 1523-26.
HARVARD, JOHN: Congregationalist minister of the Massachusetts colony, after whom Harvard College was named; b. in Southwark, London, Nov., 1607; d. at Charlestown, Mass., Sept. 14, 1638. He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge (B.A., 1631; M.A., 1635), and probably was ordained as a dissenting minister shortly after leaving the university, though there is no record of this fact. He removed to New England in 1637, settled at Charlestown in August of that year, and became a freeman of Massachusetts on Nov. 2 following. For some time he filled the pulpit of the First Church at Charlestown as assistant to the Rev. Z. Symmes. Compared with his fellow colonists, he was a man of wealth; and that he was held in high esteem is shown by the fact that on Apr. 26, 1638, he was placed upon a committee to formulate a body of laws. He died of consumption after a residence of little more than a year in the colony, leaving his library of 320 volumes and about £400, half of his fortune, to the proposed college at New Towne, later Cambridge, for which the General Court had made an appropriation of £400 in Sept., 1636. With the aid of this legacy the building was begun; and in Mar., 1639, in commemoration of the young philanthropist, it was ordered that the new institution should be called Harvard College. Harvard was justly styled by Edward Everett the " ever-