THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Germ, eds., Life of Jesus, Boston, 1860); Vaterlandkche Reden und Denkschriften (1891); Erinnerungen aus Italien in Briefen an die zukiinftigen Geliebte (1891); Annalen meines Lebens (1891); and Theologische Aehrenlese (1892). A collected edition of his Werke in 12 volumes appeared Leipsic, 1890-93.
G. Kruger.
Bibliography: F. Nippold, Karl von Hase, Gedachtnisrede, Berlin, 1890; R. A. Lipsius, Zur Erinnerung an K.
A, von Hase, ib. 1890; K. A. Hase, Unsre Hauschronik: Geschichle der Familie Hase, Leipsic, 1898; R. Burkner, Karl von Hase, ib. 1900; and the autobiographic details in vol. xi. of the collected Werke, ut sup.
HASENKAMP: The name of three brothers who energetically opposed the rationalism prevailing in Germany during the latter half of the eighteenth century.
1. Johann Gerhard Hasenkamp was born at Wechte-bei-Lengerich (19 m. n.n.e. of Munster), Westphalia, July 12, 1736; d. at Duisburg June 27. 1777 In 1753 he entered the academy of Lingen to study theology. His headlong zeal for the honor of God led him to severe conflicts with the authorities of the Church. Among other things he rejected the vicarious suffering of Christ and the impossibility of a complete sanctification upon earth. Proceedings were begun against him, but in 1763 he was allowed to resume his preaching, and in 1766 he was appointed rector of the gymnasium in Duisburg. He brought new life into the institution and influenced deeply the religious life of his pupils, and of the people in general, by the sermons which he delivered from 1767 to 1771. He published: VII Qucestiones de liberorum educatione (1767-70); XCIII Theses contra Arianos, Fanaticos, Socinianos aliosque hujus indolis nostra cetate (Duisburg, 1770); Predigten nach dem Geschmack der drei ersten Jahrhunderte der Christenheit (Frankfort, 1772); Ueber Hinwegraumung der Hindernisse der christlichen Gottseligkeit (Schaffhausen, 1772); Der deutsche reformierte Theologe (1775); Unterredung iiber Schrijtwahrheiten (1776); and Ein christliches Gymnasium (1776).
2. Friedrich Arnold Hasenkamp was born Jan. 11, 1747; d. 1795. He forsook the trade of a weaver to take up academic studies, and eventually succeeded his brother as rector at Duisburg. He wrote Ueber die verdunkelnde Aufklarung (Nuremberg, 1789); Die Israeliten die aufgekldrteste Nation unter den altesten Volkern in der Erkenntnis der Heiligkeit und Gerechtigkeit Gottes (1790); Briefe iiber Propheten und Weissagungen (2 parts, 1791-92); Briefe iiber wichtige Wahrheiten der Religion (2 vols., Duisburg, 1794).
3. Johann Heinrich Hasenkamp was born Sept. 19, 1750; d. June 17, 1814. He went through the same course of education as his brother Friedrich Arnold, and in 1776 became rector of the Latin school at Emmerich. From 1779 until his death he was pastor at Dahle, near Altona. His nephew, C. H. G. Hasenkamp, edited his Christliche Schriften (2 vols., Munster, 1816-19). (F. Arnold.) Bibliography: 1. C. H. G. Hasenkamp, in Die Wahrheit
zur Gottseligkeit, ii. 5-6, Bremen, 1832-34; J. H. Jung- Stilling, Sammtliche Schriften, vi. 119 sqq., 282 sqq., xiii. 427-437, 14 vols., Stuttgart, 1835-38; Briefwechsel zvnschen Lavater und Hasenkamp, ed. K. Ehmann, Basel, 1870; A. Ritschl, Geschichle des Pietismus, i. 504 sqq..
570-581, iii. 147 sqq., Bonn, 1880-86; ADB, vol. x., and the literature under Collenbusch, Samuel.
HASMONEANS.
Mattathias and Judas (§1).
Jonathan and Simon (§ 2).
John Hyrcanus, Aristobulus I. (§ 3).
Alexander Janneeus, Hyrcanus II., Aristobulus II (8 4)
The Downfall of the Family (§ 5).
Hasmoneans (Hebr. Hashmonim; Aram. Hashmonay) is the name of a family of distinguished Jewish patriots who headed a revolt in the reign of Antiochus IV- Epiphanes (175-164 B.C.), and, after strenuous exertions and the shedding of much blood, secured a last brief period of freedom and glory for Israel. Mattathias, the head of the family, according to Josephus (Ant. XII., vi. 1), was the son of John, the son of Simeon, the son of Asamonaios; according to I Mace. ii. 1, the son of John, the son of Simeon. Hashmon was therefore either greatgrandfather of Mattathias, or, in case Simeon is merely a form of Hashmon, the grandfather of Mattathias.
The steady purpose of the Macedonian states in the Orient was to Hellenize the populations. Epiphanes also had this aim, but pursued it
i. Matta- with so much obstinacy that he weakthias ened rather than strengthened his and Judas, cause, and he found the stanchest opponents in the Jews. But even among them influences in his favor existed, and the high priest Jesus, who took the Greek name Jason, favored the Greek party. The progress of Greek ideas stirred up the zeal of those true to the faith of Israel, who formed a party and named themselves the " afflicted," the " poor " (ebhyonim), or the " pious " (Hasidim, or Chasidim, from which last came the name Hasideans, the designation of a party which arose about this time, and became the later Pharisees). Embittered by the opposition, Antiochus at last began a religious persecution, a result of which was the bold slaughter by Mattathias of an apostate who was going to sacrifice to idols, and of a royal officer, and the revolt of his supporters. Upheld by the Chasidim, a little war was begun, in which the unfaithful in Israel and the Greeks themselves were assailed. Mattathias died 166, when his third son, Judas, was made leader, and for six years carried on the struggle against overwhelming odds and with varying fortunes. On account of his sudden attacks upon the enemy and the frequent blows which he struck he was called Maccabee, " the hammerer " or " the hammer," a name which came to glorify the entire family. The strife at this stage was rather religious than national in intent, since Judas had many enemies among the Jews themselves, particularly at the court at Antioch. It is to the leader's glory that under these circumstances he recovered the temple, which fact is celebrated by the Feast of the Dedication of the Temple. A contributory cause to the success of the Jews was the disharmony in Syrian affairs and the strife for the Syrian throne, of which skilful advantage was taken by the Jews. Demetrius I . Soter, nephew of the usurper Epiphanes and the rightful heir, seized the kingdom from the son of Epiphanes, still a minor. Judas sought to obtain outside help for the furthering of his plans, which