THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the 0. T., Oxford, 1892-1906; C. Siegfried and B. Stade, Hebraisches W orterbuch zum A. T., Leipsic, 1893; A. B. Davidson, Hebrew Syntax, Edinburgh, 1896; J. R. Kennedy, Hebrew Synonyms, London, 1898; J. D. Wijnkoop, Hebrew Syntax, ib. 1898. Consult also the literature under Masorah.
II. The subject is, of course, to be studied with the help of the works mentioned in and under Biblical Introduction, especially such as Driver, Introduction. A very helpful book is the Beilage of E. Kautzsch to his Heilige Schrift des A. T., Freiburg, 1896, Eng. transl., Outline of the Hist, of the O. T., London, 1898. The best book in English, which covers all phases of the subject, is C. A. Briggs, The Study of Holy Scripture, New York, 1899. The subject of the study of the Old Testament as literature has during the past decade awakened wide interest. The following are some of the works evoked by this new movement: The Bible as Literature, by various hands, New York, 1896; S. Leathes. The Claims of the Old Testament, ib. 1897; I. Abrahams, Chapters on Jewish Literature, ib. 1899; R. Moulton, Literary Study of the Bible, Boston, 1899; idem, Short Introduction to the Literature of the Bible, ib. 1903; L. Abbott, Life and Literature of the Hebrews, ib. 1901: J. P. Peters, Early Hebrew Story, New York, 1904; M. Dods, The Bible, its Origin and Nature, ib. 1905; C. F. Kent, The Origin and Permanent Value of the O. T., ib. 1906; idem, The Student's O. T., vols, i., ii., iv. (the introductions and appendices are of special value); N. Mann, The Evolution of a Great Literature, Boston, 1905 ; J. H. Gardiner, The Bible as English Literature, New York, 1906; W F. Adeney, How to Read the Bible, New York, 1907. A book not antiquated is J. Fiirst, Geschichle der biblischen Literatur, Leipsic, 1867-70. For a survey of the conservative literature the reader is referred to the literature under Biblical Criticism, where the works of Beattie, Munhall, Green, and Orr are mentioned and do justice to the case for the traditional theory of the origin of the
0. T.
III. In addition to the works of Herder and Lowth mentioned in the text, the dissertation of the latter in his commentary on Isaiah is to be noted. The subject is usually discussed in the introduction to the commentaries on the books which contain poetry, and especially those on the poetical and prophetical books. For the English student the best summary is in C. A. Briggs, Study of Holy Scripture, chaps, xiv.-xvii., New York, 1899. Consult further on the subject of Hebrew poetry: Kbster, in TSK, iv. (1831), 40 sqq.; F. Delitzsch, Zur Geschichte der judischen Poesie, Leipsic, 1836; J. G. Wenrich, De poeseos Hebraicce . indole, ib. 1843; E. Meier, Die Form der hebraischen Poesie, Tubingen, 1853; idem, Geschichte der poetischen National-Literatur, Berlin, 1856;
1. Taylor, Spirit of Hebrew Poetry, London, 1861; H. Ewald, Dichter des Alten Bundes, Gottingen, 1868, Eng. transl., Poetical Books of the O. T., London, 1880; H. Steiner, XJeber hebraische Poesie, Basel, 1873; Budde, in TSK, 1874, pp. 747 sqq.; ZATW, ii (1882), 1 sqq., 49 sqq., iii (1883), 299 sqq., xi (1891), 234 sqq., xii (1892), 31 sqq., 261 sqq.; A. Werfer, Die Poesie der Bibel, Tubingen, 1875; G. Bickell, Metrites Biblicm regulm exemplis illustrates, Innsbruck, 1879; idem, Carmina V. T. metrice, ib. 1882; idem, in ZDMG, 1880, pp. 557 sqq.; H. Gietmann, De re metrica Hebroeorum, Freiburg, 1879; B. Neteler, Grundzuge der hebraischen Metrik der Psalmen, Minister, 1879; W. Wickes, The Accentuation of the Three So-called Poetical Books of the O. T., Oxford, 1882; M. Heilprin, The Historical Poetry of the Ancient Hebrews, 2 vols.. New York, 1879- 1880; G. H. Gilbert, The Poetry of Job, Chicago, 1889; H. Hartmann, Die hebraische Verskunst, Berlin, 1894; H. Grimme, in ZDMG, 1 (1896), 529 sqq.; P. Vetter, Die Metrik des Buches Hiobs, Freiburg, 1897; P. Ruben, in JQR. xi (1899), 431 sqq.; E. Sievers, Metrische Studien, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1901-05; O. Hauser, Die Urform der Psalmen. Das erste Buch des Psalters in metrischer Umschrift und Uebersetzung, Grossenhain, 1907; B. Marr, Altjiidische Sprache, Metrik und Lunartheosophie, part i., Dux, 1907; E. Konig, Die Poesie des A. T., Leipsic, 1907; DB, iv. 2-13; EB, iii. 3793-3804; JE, x. 93-100; while the files of the JBL and PSBA contain very much that is pertinent, especially in treatment of individual books.
HEBREW POETRY. See Hebrew Language and Literature, III.
HEBREWS. See Israel, History of, I.