THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
don 1SSS- F. B. Westcott, London, 1899 (of high value); C. J. Vaughan, ib. 1890; T. C. Edwards, ib. 1890; A. Schafer. Miinster, 1893; D. Shepardson, New York, 1902; F. Blass, Halle, 1903; W. P. Du Bose, New York, 1908.
Treatises on special phases are: E. Riehm, Lehrbegriff des Hebrderbriefs, Basel, 1859; G. Steward, The Argument to the Epistle to the Hebrews, Edinburgh, 1872; E. Menegoz, La Theologie de I'cpitre aux Hibreux, Paris, 1894; H. H. B. Ayles, Destination, Date and Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews, London, 1899; G. S. Hood, Foundation of Christian Faith as Shown in the Epistle to the Hebreu-s, London, 1906; W Wrede, Das literarische Ratsel des Hebrderbriefs, Gottingen, 1906.
HEBREWS, GOSPEL ACCORDING TO THE. See Apocrypha, B, I. (19).
HEBRON. See Judea, II., 1, § 4.
HECKER, ISAAC THOMAS: Roman Catholic; b. in New York City Dec. 18, 1819; d. there Dec. 22, 1SSS. He was of German parentage, and was brought up in the Methodist Episcopal Church. He became an advocate of the principles of the Workingmen's party and was led into sympathy with the Transcendentalist movement. In 1843 he entered the community at Brook Farm, but failed to find himself in harmony with the community, and within the year went to the similar community at Fruitlands, where he felt still less at home. In August he returned to New York and entered business with his brothers in the manufacture of flour, but only for a year. He had long been drawn toward the Roman Catholic Church, and, after many inward struggles and a searching investigation of the claims of the Protestant sects, he became a convert. In 1844 he went to Concord, Mass., to study, but returned to New York, and on Aug. 1 received "conditional baptism " in the Roman Catholic Church, although he had already been baptized in infancy by a Lutheran minister. Determining to enter the Redemptionist Order, he went in the same year to St. Tron, Belgium, and in 1846 took his vows. He then studied at Wittem, Holland (1846-48), and Clapham, England (1848-49), and in 1849 was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Wiseman. After a year in mission work, Hecker returned to the United States early in 1851. Until 1857 he was engaged in mission work, particularly in the Eastern United States, but in the latter year was expelled from his order on account of a technical violation of his vows. The result was the formation of the Congregation of St. Paul the Apostle (usually called the Paulist Fathers), the expulsion being ignored by the pope. In 1859 the foundations of the Church of St. Paul the Apostle, which still remains the center of the activity of the Paulist Fathers, was laid in New York City. The greater part of the remainder of his life was to be devoted to the upbuilding of his congregation and the fu-fherance of its aims. From 1871 until his death Hecker was an invalid. The object of the order was the conversion of Protestants, and it was very successfully carried out, and he was the soul of the enterprise. Yet it was charged against him that he presented those doctrines which were common to both branches of the Christian Church or which were likely to win the acceptance of Protestants more emphatically than strictly Roman Catholic teaching. This course was condemned by Leo
XIII., when it was called to his attention by means of the Italian translation of Father Hecker's life and led to his writing to the United States prelates a severe letter condemning this method of presenting the church doctrine which he styled " Americanism." See Modernism.
In 1865 Hecker founded The Catholic World, which he edited until his death, and wrote also: Questions of the Soul (New York, 1855); Aspirations of Nature (1857); Catholicity in the United States (1879); Catholics and Protestants agreeing on the School Question (1881); and The Church and the Age: Exposition of the Catholic Church (1888).
Bibliography: W. Elliott, The Life of Father Hecker, New York. 1894; H. D. Sedgwick, Father Hecker, Boston, 1901.
HECKEWELDER, hek-e-vel'der, JOHN GOTT- LIEB ERNESTUS : Moravian missionary among the North American Indians; b. at Bedford, England, Mar. 12, 1743; d. at Bethlehem, Pa., Jan. 3l', 1823. He came to Pennsylvania with his parents in 1754, and began his missionary labors in 1762 by an unsuccessful attempt to establish a mission in the Tuscarora Valley, O. Then he was employed in the Moravian missions of Friedenshtitten and Sheshequin, Pa., till 1771, when he was appointed assistant to David Zeisberger (q.v.). He remained in this service fifteen years. From 1788 till 1810 he labored chiefly in Ohio, as agent of the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen. In 1792, and again in 1793, he was commissioned by the United States Government to assist in effecting a treaty with the Indians. For a time he was in the civil service in Ohio, holding the offices of postmaster, justice of the peace, and associate justice of the court of common pleas. In 1810 he removed to Bethlehem, Pa., and engaged in literary pursuits till his death. His two most valuable works are: An Account of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations who once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States (Philadelphia, 1818), which was soon translated into German and French; and A Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians (1820).
Bibliography: E. Randthaler, Life of Johann G. E. Hecke- •welder, ed. B. H. Coates, Philadelphia, 1847.
HEDBERG, FREDERIK GABRIEL. See Bornholmers; Finland, § 5.
HEDGE, FREDERIC HENRY: Unitarian; b. at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 12, 1805; d. there Aug. 21, 1890. He was educated in schools in Germany (1818-23), Harvard (B.A., 1825), and the Harvard Divinity School (1828). He was then pastor of the Unitarian Church at West Cambridge, now Arlington, Mass. (1829-35), of the Independent Congregational Society in Bangor, Me. (1835-50), of the Westminster Congregational Society in Providence, R. I. (1850-56), of the First Unitarian Church at Brookline, Mass. (1856-72), and was also non-resident professor of ecclesiastical history in Harvard Divinity School (1857-77), as well as professor of German in Harvard College (1872-82). In 1SS2 he retired from active life. In theology he described himself as " connected with the Unitarian communion into which he was born, attached to it rather by the absence in that body of any compulsory