THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Later tradition asserts that Solomon married a daughter of Hiram, which is not improbable considering the close relations between the two courts and the presence of Sidonians in the harem of Solomon (I Kings xi. 1, 5). Other legends about Hiram are given by F Movers (Die Phonizier, ii. 1, Bonn, 1S41, pp. 33S-339). His son Baleazar succeeded the great king on the throne. Hiram's grave is shown a little to the southeast of the city of Tyre, containing an immense sarcophagus which bears no inscription and offers no assurance of its authenticity.
A second Tyriau king bearing the name of Hiram lived in the time of Cyrus and reigned twenty years (551-532? B.C.) according to Menander (in Josephus, Apion, i. 21; cf. Herodotus, vii. 98; Movers, ut sup., ii.,pp. 466-467).
The name Huram was borne also by a Levite, I Chron. viii. 5. C. von Orelli.
Bibliography: Besides the works and sources indicated in the text and the commentaries on the Scriptural passages and the appropriate sections in the works on the history of Israel, consult: Giesebrecht, in ZATW. 1881, pp. 239- 240 (on Huram-abi); R. Pietschmann, Geschichte der Phonizier, pp. 294-297, Berlin, 1889; L. B. Paton, Early Hist, of Syria and Palestine, New York, 1901; DB, ii. 388-390; EB, ii. 2073-74; JE, vi. 405-406.
HIRSCH, EMIL GUSTAV: Jewish rabbi; b. at Luxemburg, Germany, May 22, 1S52. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania (B.A., 1S72), the universities of Berlin (1872-76) and Leipsic (Ph.D., 1876), and the Hochschule fur die Wissenschaft des Judentums, Berlin (1S72-76). Returning to the United States, he was rabbi of Har Sinai Congregation, Baltimore, Md. (1877-78), and Adas Israel Congregation, Louisville, Ky. (1S78-80), and since 1880 has been rabbi of Sinai Congregation, Chicago. He has been professor of rabbinical literature and philosophy in the University of Chicago since 1892, and in 1902 was Percy Turnbull Lecturer in Johns Hopkins University. He was one of the founders of the Jewish Manual Training School, Chicago, the Associated Jewish Charities, the Civic Federation, and other similar movements. He is well known as an orator, and in theology belongs to the advanced wing of Reformed Judaism. He has edited Der Zeitgeist (Milwaukee, 1880-83); Hebraica (in collaboration with W. R. and R. F. Harper and I. M. Price, Chicago, 1S92-95); The Reformer (New York, 1886-92); and The Reform Advocate (Chicago, since 1892); besides being editor of the Biblical department of The Jewish Encyclopedia.
HIRSCHAU (HIRSAU): A Benedictine monastery, once famous, now in ruins, in the Black Forest district of Wurttemberg, 2 m. n. of Calw. For its reputed foundation in 645, by a widow Helicena, there is no evidence prior to a Ger- Earlier man document of 1534. Opinions are History, also at variance on the second found- Abbot ing of the monastery in 830; but it is William erroneous to deny the existence of a and his monastery at Hirschau before 1065, Reform, since the fact is attested by the imperial brief of sanction, dated Oct. 9, 1075. by the papal bull of Urban II., Mar. 8, 1095, and by the Hirschau Traditionenkodex ; and because excavations made in 1892 discovered the foundation-walls of a church traceable to the Caro-
lingian era. Of this foundation, however, nothin" is known except that Count Erlafrid of Cahv, in 830, built a church in honor of St. Peter and the Armenian bishop Aurelius (d. 383), and filled the monastery with monks from Fulda, The new founding of the monastery emanated from a visit of Pope Leo IX., in 1049, to his nephew, Count Adalbert II. of Calw. In 1065 the first monks arrived from Einsiedeln, with Abbot Frederick as superior, who, in 1069 was deposed by Count Adalbert upon accusations by the monks. He was succeeded by William (1069-91), who had acquired a scholastic education in the monastery of St. Emmeram at Regensburg. His foremost aim at Hirschau was to emancipate the monastery from the patronage of Count Adalbert, and change the latter's relation to it into one purely protective. He gained both points in 1075. Thoroughly convinced of the need of a reform of the Benedictine Order in Germany, William devised his Constitutiones Hirsaugienses after the pattern of the Cluniac institutions. With the new monastic customs the monks now wore white robes, and instead of the old upper cloak (the cuculla), they donned the Cluny froccus, a woolen garment with wide sleeves, and, under it, a second garment, the ancient scapulare. For the severe winters of the Black Forest, William introduced the stamineum, a woolen shirt, and the pellicium, a sheepskin, worn under the outer garment. The monks also wore breeches (femoralia). The broad tonsure, as in vogue at Cluny, distinguished the Hirschau monks from the unreformed Benedictines. Strict silence was observed in the cloister. William also applied himself to the organization of lay brothers, who lived under the oversight of a special magister, and were subject to the cloistral discipline except that they observed an abridged office. The reform was not restricted to Hirschau. Along with the Swabian monastery of St. Blasien, Hirschau became a center of monastic reform, and many monasteries were founded as offshoots from Hirschau, or furnished with monks and abbots or reconstructed by it. Bishop Otto of Bamberg reformed the monasteries of his diocese with monks of Hirschau. The Consuetudines Hirsaugienses were widely introduced through northern Germany. Yet William did not succeed in establishing upon German soil a congregation after the type of Cluny. The sole bond of union that endured permanently was that of the confraternities, by means of which persons pledged themselves to common prayer for living and deceased members of the several monasteries.
William of Hirschau was also concerned in the conflict between emperor and pope. He belonged to the most loyal adherents of the Gregorian party of Germany. Likely enough, he had His Part been won over to Gregory's cause on in the the occasion of his visit to Rome in Contest 1075. In 1077 the opposition king, between Rudolph of Rheinfelden, was at Emperor Hirschau; and in 1081 Gregory VII. and Pope, turned to Bishop Altmann of Passau (q.v.) and William of Hirschau, to promote the election of a king devoted to the Apostolic See. The strictly moral and zealously devout