THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
can not be regarded as forerunners of the Reformation. His studies on Thomas he gave to the world in his Prolegomena zu ciner neuen Ausgabe der Imitatio Christi (3 vols., Berlin, 1S73-94), and in his edition of the De imitatione Christi (1874).
Carl Bertheau. Bibliography: ADB. 1. 364-365.
HIRSCHER, JOHANN BAPTIST: German Roman Catholic; b. at Altergarten, near Ravensburg (22 m. e.n.e. of Constance), Upper Swabia, Jan. 20, 17SS; d. at Freiburg Sept. 4, 1865. He studied at Freiburg, and from 1812 to 1817 officiated as tutor at Ellwangen and Rottweil. In the latter year he was appointed professor of moral and pastoral theology at the University of Tubingen, and in 1834 he was called to Freiburg to fill a similar office, which he held until 1863. In 1839 he was elected a member of the cathedral chapter of the archdiocese of Freiburg. His works include: Christliche Moral als Lehre von der Verwirklichung des gottlichen Reichs in der Menschheit (Tubingen, 1835); Die Geschichte Jesu (1839); Beitrdge zur Homiletik und Kaiechetik (1852); Das Leben Maria (Freiburg, 1S54); and Die Hauptstiicke des christlichen Glaubens (Tiibingen, 1857). Prior to and during the revolution of 1848 he was a member of the House of Representatives of Baden. His writings favored the introduction of certain changes, such as the admission of lay members to diocesan synods. His Erorterungen uber die grossen religiosen Fragen der Gegenwart (3 vols., Freiburg, 1846-55) and Die kirchlichen Zustdnde der Gegenwart (Tubingen, 1849), are the most important of his writings of this period. (C. WeizsackerI".)
Bibliography: TQS, 1866, pp. 298 sqq.; F. von Weech. Badische Biographieen, 2 vols., Darmstadt, 1875.
HISTORICAL BIBLES. See Bibles, Historical.
HITCHCOCK, ROSWELL D WIGHT: Presbyterian; b. at East Machias, Me., Aug. 15, 1817; d. at Fall River, Mass.. June 16, 1887. He was educated at Amherst (B.A., 1836), and after teaching for two years (1836-38) and studying in Andover Theological Seminary for a year (1838-39), was a tutor in Amherst College from 1839 to 1842. In 1844-45 he was in charge of a church at Waterville, Me., and from the latter year until 1852 was pastor of the First Congregational Church at Exeter, N. H., studying theology at Halle and Berlin in 1847-48. He was then professor of natural and revealed religion in Bowdoin College from 1852 to 1855, when he was appointed professor of church history in Union Theological Seminary. This position he held after 1880 after his election to the presidency of the same institution. In addition to editing The American Theological Review from 1863 to 1870; Hymns and Songs of Praise (in collaboration with Z. Eddy and P. Schaff, New York, 1874); The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (in collaboration with F, Brown, 1884); and Carmina Sanctorum (in collaboration with Z. Eddy and L. W- Mudge, 1885), he wrote Life of Edward Robinson (New York, 1863); Complete Analysis of the Holy Bible (1869 which supersedes West's work on the subject) ; Socialism (1879) ; and the pos-
thumous Eternal Atonement (a collection of sermons, 1S8S).
HITTITES, THE.
Egyptian Accounts (§ 1).
Assyrian Notices (.§ 2).
Biblical Mention (§ 3).
Hittite Monuments (§ 4).
Attempted Decipherment of Inscriptions (§ 5).
The People (§ 6).
Their " Empire " ; Influence on Culture (§ 7).
The Hittites (Hebr. Ha-Hitti, Hittim, Septuagint Chettaioi, Egyptian Hata, Assyr. Haiti, Hate) were a people of disputed ethnological affiliations whose traces have been found over the territory lying between the western boundary of Assyria and the jEgean coast of Asia Minor, and between the Black Sea and the Egyptian border. Present interest centers in two points, historic and apologetic. The decipherment of Egyptian and Assyrian inscriptions and documents and the discovery of a considerable number of monuments and inscriptions, no doubt correctly attributed to this people, have led to the knowledge of an " empire " or an aggregation of kingdoms to which the name Hittite is assigned. The apologetic interest is due to the fact that at one time a few critics were disposed rashly to question the existence of such a people as was indicated in the Biblical texts.
Thothmes III. (c. 1500 B.C.?) mentions the Hittites in his annals inscribed at Karnak as paying tribute to him, or at least as sending him presents on his great campaigns which took him as far as Mitanni (see Assyria VI., 2, § 1), and as sending him tribute seven years later. In the i. Egyptian Amarna Tablets (q.v.) they appear Accounts, making their way aggressively down through Syria and Palestine. Thothmes IV., and Amenophis III. and IV. were frequently in conflict with them. Seti I. claimed to have defeated them under their leader Mutal, son of Mulsar and grandson of Saplil, though they had established themselves at Carchemish and at Kadesh on the Orontes. Rameses II. was in serious danger from them while besieging Kadesh, and his exploits in extricating himself there gave rise to the celebrated poem of Pentaur. He made a treaty of alliance with their king Hata-sar (a name which suggests, ungrammatically, "Hittite king " in Assyrian), son of Mutal, married Hata-sar's daughter, and Kadesh became the Hittite frontier. It is probable that the extension of Hittite power to the south was checked at this time not more by the Egyptians than by the people known later as the Philistines (q.v.). The impression given by the Egyptian inscriptions is that of a unified power, in contradistinction to the separate states which appear in Assyrian annals a century later, though this may be due to the uncertain knowledge possessed by the Egyptians and to their assuming ethnic affinity for all the inhabitants of the region in which the Hittites were their chief opponents.
The records of the Assyrians indicate that that power came into contact with the Hittites about 1400 b.c, if, as some suppose, Mitanni was a Hittite state. But long prior to this there appears the phrase " land of the Hittites " in Babylonian as-