RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hobart Hodge
Cudworth, Henry More, Richard Cumberland, and Samuel Clarke. Though in bad repute at home, abroad Hobbes stood higher as a thinker than any of his contemporaries. His associational psychology and hedonistic ethics were revived by the English utilitarians.
Hobbes's principal works are Decive (Paris, 1642; Amsterdam, 1647; Eng. transl., 1651) ; De corpore (London, 1655; Eng. transl., 1656); The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic (ed. F. Tonnies, 1889), which was originally published in two parts, Human Nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policy (1650), and De corpore politico, or the Elements of Law, Moral and Politic (1650); Leviathan, or the Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil (1651; Lat. transl., Amsterdam, 1668; ed. A. R. Waller, Cambridge, 1904), his most important work; Of Liberty and Necessity (London, 1654); Concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance (1656); and Behemoth (1679; ed. F. Tonnies, 1889), a history of the Civil War. Hobbes's Opera philosophica were published at Amsterdam in 1668, and his Moral and Political Works at London in 1750. The standard edition is that of Sir W. Molesworth, EnglishWorks (11 vols., 1839-45) and Opera philosophica (5 vols., 1839-45).
Bibliography: Lists of literature, covering the controversies which Hobbes caused, are in J. M. Baldwin, Dictionary .of Philosophy and Psychology, iii. 1, pp. 264-268, New York, 1905, and in the British Museum Catalogue and Supplement. His autobiography, in Latin verse, was published London, 1679, Eng. transl., ib. 1680. Consult: G. C. Robertson, Hobbes, in Philosophical Classics, London, 1901 (eminently satisfactory); J. G. Buhle, Geschichte der neueren Philosophie, iii. 223-325, Gottingen, 1802; F. D. Maurice, Modern Philosophy, pp. 235-290, London, 1862; V Cousin, Philosophie sensualiste, pp. 21 2- 310, Paris, 1866; J. Hunt, in Contemporary Review, vii (1868), 185-207; B. Wille, Der Phanomenalismus des Thomas Hobbes, Kiel, 1889; G. Lyon, Philosophie de Hobbes, Paris, 1893; H. Schwartz, Die Lehre von den Sinnesqualitaten bei Descartes und Hobbes, Halle, 1894; F. Tonnies, Hobbes' Leben und Lehre, Stuttgart, 1896; J. Aubrey, Letters . . and Lives of Eminent Men, ed. A. Clark, i. 321-403, Oxford, 1898; W. Dilthey, in Archiv fur Geschichte der Philosophie, xiii (1900), 307- 360, 445-482; DNB, xxvii. 37-45; M. W. Calkins, Metaphysical System of Hobbes, London, 1905; and the discussions in the standard works on the history of philosophy.
H0BERG, GOTTFRIED: German Roman Catholic; b. at Heringhausen, Westphalia, Nov. 19, 1857. He was educated at Miinster, Dillingen, and Bonn (Ph.D., 1885; D.D., Miinster, 1886). He was privat-docent at Bonn in 1886-87, after which he was professor of Old Testament exegesis at Paderborn until 1890, when he was appointed professor of New Testament exegesis at Freiburg, being transferred to his present chair of Old Testament exegesis in 1893. He is a member of the papal committee on the Bible, and besides editing the Theologische Rundschau fur das katholische Deutschland since 1894, has written Ibn Ginnii de flexions libellus (Leipsic, 1885) ; Die Psalmen der Vulgata (Freiburg, 1892); Akademisches Taschenbuch fur katholische Theologen (3 vols., Paderborn, 1892-95) ; Die Genesis nach dem Litteralsinn erkldrt (Freiburg, 1899) ; Die alteste lateinische Uebersetzung des Buches Baruch (1902) ; and an edition of the Hebrew text of Genesis, with the Vulgate (1908).
HOBSON, BENJAMIN LEWIS: Presbyterian; b. at Lexington, Mo., July 31, 1859. He was educated at Central University, Central, Ky. (B.A., 1877), Johns Hopkins University (1881-82), Union Theological Seminary, Va. (1882-83), Princeton Theological Seminary (1883-86), and the University of Berlin (1888-90). After holding Presbyterian pastorates at Springfield, Mo. (1886-87), and Crescent Hill Church, Louisville, Ky. (1891-93), he was appointed in 1893 to his present position of professor of apologetics in McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago, 111.
HOCHMANN (hoH'man) VON HOHENAU (HOCHENAU), ERNST CHRISTOPH: Pietist; b. at Lauenburg (25 m. s.e. of Hamburg) 1670; d. 1721. He began the study of law at Halle, but was expelled in 1693 on account of his eccentric views. In 1697 he was at Giessen, where he lived in intimate association with Arnold and Dippel; in the following year he was a missionary to the Jews in Frankforton-the-Main, whence he was soon expelled on the occasion of a general persecution of the Pietists. After a short stay at Darmstadt, whence he was also expelled, he found a refuge at Berleburg on the estates of Count Wittgenstein. Here he lived a devotional and ascetic life and won the esteem and friendship of the ruling family of Wittgenstein, but his restless nature did not suffer him to remain very long in this secluded spot. In 1697 his unsteady wanderings through western, northern and southern Germany had begun; whenever a field of labor opened itself to him, he was expelled. This labor consisted in the nurture of an inner, living, and personal Christianity under an unchurchly and even antichurchly form. External churchliness and loyalty to a creed he considered not only insufficient, but evil, and he vehemently opposed churchdom and orthodoxy. The five main points of his doctrine are: baptism for adults only; the Lord's Supper only for the chosen disciples of Jesus; the possibility of a perfect sanctification on earth; the reign of the spirit, i.e., Christ alone is the head of the congregation, and no human magistrate may institute preachers and teachers; the magistrate belongs to the sphere of nature and is to be obeyed on civil and external matters, but not in things that are contrary to the word of God, to the conscience of the individual, or to the liberty of Christ. Hochmann found many adherents, especially at Crefeld, Duisburg, Miihlheim, Wesel, Emmerich, and other places in the Rhine region; later on, however, there occurred a split in his party on account of differences in regard to the validity of infant baptism.
(F. Bossb.)
Bibliography: J. H. Jung-Stilling, Theobald, oder der Schwarmer, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1784-85, Eng. transl., Theobald; or the Fanatic, Philadelphia, 1846; M. Gobel, Geschichte des christlichen Lebens in der rheinisch-westfolischen evangelischen Kirche, ii. 809-855, Coblenz, 1852; A. Ritschl, Geschichte des Pietismus, 3 vols., Bonn, 1880-86.
HOCHSTRATEN, JAKOB VAN. See Hoogsteaten, Jakob van.
HODGE, ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER: American Presbyterian, son of Charles Hodge; b. at Princeton, N. J., July 18, 1823; d. there Nov. 12, 1886. He studied at Princeton, graduating from both the
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