RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hofstede Holbach
medeleden van de Maat-Schappij der Nederlandsche Letterkunde, pp. 237-309, Leyden, 1887 (contains list of works).
HOGE, MOSES DRURY: Presbyterian; b. at Hampden Sidney, Va., Sept. 17, 1818; d. at Richmond, Va., Jan. 9, 1899. He was educated at Hampden Sidney College (B.A., 1839) and at Union Theological Seminary, Va. (then also at Hampden Sidney), from which he was graduated in 1843. He was a tutor in Hampden Sidney College (1839-43), and after being assistant pastor to W. S. Plumer at the First Presbyterian Church, Richmond, Va. (1843-45), founded the Second Presbyterian Church in the same city in 1845, of which he was pastor until his death. He rendered important service as a member of a committee to prepare a hymnal long used in his denomination and to revise its Directory of Worship, and in 1888 was chairman of a committee appointed by his Assembly to confer with a similar committee of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America regarding cooperation. In theology he held to the inerrancy of the Scriptures and to strict Calvinism as set forth in the Westminster standards. From 1854 to 1859 he was one of the proprietors and editors of The Central Presbyterian (Richmond). A volume of his sermons was edited by his daughter under the title The Perfection of Beauty (Richmond, 1903).
Bibliography: P. H. Hoge, Moses Drury Hoge: Life and Letters, Richmond, 1899.
HOHENALTHEIM, h6h"en-alt'haim, SYNOD OF: An assembly of Sept. 20, 916, in the Church of St. John apud Altheim in pago Retia, i.e., the present Hohenaltheim, south of Nordlingen, in Bavaria. The names of the bishops who were present are not preserved; the Saxon bishops kept aloof, but as those present considered themselves as a generalis synodus, it is probable that the bishops of the three remaining tribes appeared in full number. King Conrad did not take part, but the pope was represented by Bishop Peter von Orte. The purpose of the synod was to a certain extent political since the bishops in the interest of the kindgom united themselves against the rebellious leaders of the tribes in South Germany. Another aim was to strengthen the episcopate, which was menaced on many sides. Measures were adopted to protect church property, and to safeguard clerics and bishops against accusations of laymen and against unlawful insults by rebellious leaders. A set of resolutions aimed at the reform of the Church. In the political sphere the synod did not attain its purpose, as the attitude of King Conrad was as unfavorable afterward as before, but a great part of its resolutions entered into the collections of canon law. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: The acta of the synod are preserved in a manuscript from Freising, now at Munich, and printed in MGH, Leg., ii. 1 (837), 554-661. Consult Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iv. 578-587; Hauck, KD, iii. 13 sqq.
HOHENLOHE, hoh'en-loh"e, ALEXANDER LEO- POLD FRANZ EMMERICH, PRINCE OF: German Catholic; b. at Kupferzell (37 m. n.e. of Stuttgart), Wurttemberg, Aug. 17, 1794; d. at Voslau (19 m. s.s.w. of Vienna) Nov. 17, 1849. His scientific and theological education at Vienna, Bern, and
elsewhere was frequently interrupted. In 1815 he was ordained subdeacon and became domiciliarus at Olmtitz. In 1816 he was ordained priest and undertook a journey to Rome which seems to have decisively influenced him. After his return to Germany he lived at Munich, and in 1819 went to Bamberg, preaching and writing and everywhere finding popular response and esteem. In 1821 he appeared at Wurzburg where he made a great sensation as preacher, and it was here that he met Martin Michel, a Franconian peasant, who performed miraculous cures by means of prayer. Prince Alexander himself wrought miracles, but yet he had so many failures that his whole undertaking had to be restricted. He retired to Austria and in 1825 was made canon at Grosswardein in Hungary, in 1829 grand provost, and in 1844 bishop of Sardica in partibus. Driven from Hungary by the revolution of 1848, he went to Innsbruck, in 1849 to Vienna, and finally to Voslau. Of his numerous writings may be mentioned his Lichtblicke und Erlebnisse aus der Welt und dem Priesterleben (Regensburg, 1836). (Paul Tschackert.)
Bibliography: His life up to 1822 was written by C. G. Scharold, Wurzburg, 1824. Consult: G. M. Pachtler, Biographische Notizen iiber Prinzen Alexander, Augs-
burg, 1850; S. Brunner, Aus dem Nachlass des . Hohenlohe, Regensburg, 1851; ADB, xii. 683-684; KL, vi. 163-166.
HOLBACH, hol"baH', PAUL HENRI THYRY, BARON D': French philosopher; b. at Heidelsheim (13 m. e.n.e. of Carlsruhe), Baden, 1723; d. in Paris June 21, 1789. At an early age he went to Paris, where he resided till his death. As he was a man of wealth and a good host, he was able to make his house the meeting-place of the most eminent thinkers of the time. Among his friends were Condorcet, Diderot, Helv^tius, D'Alembert, and Rousseau. Holbach was himself one of the cleverest and most influential men of the group of freethinkers that assembled about him. He had much in common with the English deists and translated into French many works of deistic writers. He was one of the Encyclopedists (q.v.), and is known particularly as the champion of naturalism, or Materia 1ism (q.v.). Adopting the current egoistic and sensualistic ethics of the period, he opposed Christianity and all positive religion as an impediment to the pursuit of happiness. Of his numerous antireligious and materialistic works, which were printed in foreign countries and published anonymously, all have now passed into oblivion except one, the famous Systeme de la nature (2 vols., London [Amsterdam], 1770; Eng. transls., Nature and her Laws, 2 vols., 1820; The System of Nature, London, 1884), which has been called the Bible of materialism. It should be added that in his personal life Holbach was better than his books. Despite his theories he was a man of the most unselfish benevolence. He was an egoist and materialist in the interest of humanity. See Deism, II., § 2.
Bibliography: A Brief Sketch of the Life and Writings of the Baron d'Holbach, London, 1834; C. Avezec-Lavigne, Diderot et la societe du Baron d'Holbach, Paris, 1875; J. Morley, Baron Holbach' s ' System of Nature,' in Fortnightly Review, xxviii (1877), 257-284. The Eng. transls. named in the text contain memoirs, the second by Charles Bradlaugh.
Holiness of God