RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Holiness of God Holland
men free from sin, the term " holy love " states the
essential truth (cf. T. Haering, Der Christliche
Glaube, pp. 217-219, Calw, 1906).
C. A. Beckwith.
Bibliography: Achelis, in TSK, xxi (1847), 187 sqq.; J. M. Rupprecht, in TSK, xxiii (1849), 684 sqq.; J. C. K. von Hofmann, Schriftbeweis, i. 81 sqq., Nordlingen, 1857; K. C. W. F. Bahr, Symbolik des mosaischen Kultus, i. 48 sqq., 430 sqq., ii. 20 sqq., 173 sqq., Heidelberg, 1874, 1839; H. Ewald, Die Lehre der Bibel von Gott, ii. 237 sqq., Leipsic, 1874; B. Duhm, Theologie der Propheten, pp. 169 sqq., Bonn, 1875; W. von Baudissin, Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, ii. 1 sqq., Leipsic, 1878; A. Ritschl, Die christliche Lehre von der Rechtfertigung und Versohnung, ii. 89 sqq., Bonn, 1889; Smith, Prophets, pp. 224 sqq., 422; idem, Rel. of Sem., pp. 91, 140 sqq.; the works on O. T. Theology by P. Scholz, Regensburg, 1861; H. Schultz, Gottingen, 1895, Eng. transl., London, 1892; A. Dillmann, Leipsic, 1895; R. Smend, Freiburg, 1899; and A. Kayser, ed. K. Marti, Strasburg, 1903; and the commentaries on the books containing the passages cited in the text.
H0LL, KARL: German Protestant; b. at Tubingen May 15, 1866. He studied at the university of his native city (Ph.D., 1889), and, after being an assistant in the preparation of the edition of the Church Fathers by the Berlin Academy of Sciences for two years, became privat-docent at the University of Berlin in 1896. In 1898 he was made titular professor at the same university, but resigned in 1900 to accept the position of associate professor of church history at Tubingen, returning to Berlin in 1907 as full professor in the same subject. He has written Die Sacra Parallela des Johannes Damaszenus (Leipsic, 1896) ; Enthusiasmus und Bussgewalt beim griechischen Monchtum (1898); Fragmente vornicanischer Kirchenvater aus den Sacra Parallela (1899); Amphilochus von Ikonium in seinem Verhaltnis zu den grossen Kappadoziern (Tubingen, 1904); and Modernismus (1908).
HOLLAND.
I. Protestant Churches. 4. Baptists.
1. The Reformed Church. 5. Remonstrants.
2. The Christian Reformed II. The Roman Catholic
Church. Church.
3. The Lutheran Church. III. The Jansenist Church.
IV. The Jews.
The kingdom of Holland (or the Netherlands), on the western border of Continental Europe, has an area of 12,650 square miles and a population (1905) of 5,591,701, of whom about three-fifths are Protestants. The conversion of the Netherlands was begun under Dagobert I. (628-638), continued by Willibrord (q.v.), and completed by Charlemagne toward the end of the eighth century. The inhabitants now enjoy full religious liberty. The adherents of the several sects have equal civil and religious rights and privileges, and enjoy complete freedom of administration in everything relating to their religion and its exercise. The several religious bodies, save the Christian Reformed Church, and a new body called "The Reformed Churches " (1892), which refuse such aid, are subsidized by the state. In the northeastern parts of the country Protestantism prevails, in the southern parts Roman Catholicism, while in the central parts both these forms are fairly well represented. During the last century there has been a slow but steady increase of Protestants and Jews, and a corresponding decrease of Roman Catholics,
I. Protestant Churches. — 1. The Reformed Church (Nederlansch Hervormde Kerkgenoot-
sohap): This body took its rise at the beginning of the Reformation. Its doctrines and polity began to be formulated as early as 1566, and after passing through successive revisions took a form at the Synod of Dort (1619), which lasted with unimportant changes for a couple of centuries. It was not, however, until the Peace of Westphalia (1648) that the Reformed religion became the recognized religion of the country. Its adherents constituted the national church. In the interval between 1795 and 1816 the national church suffered greatly from lack of support. All income from the state was cut off, and the clergy were reduced to the greatest straits. When William I. became king in 1816 he called a general synod (the first since the Synod of Dort in 1619) and offered to support the Church if it would accept a constitution modified to suit his views. The Church yielded, and the older strictly Presbyterian form of government was greatly modified and made bureaucratic. General synods have been held yearly since 1816, but they consist of less than twenty members; and in all the higher church assemblies administrative boards direct all ecclesiastical affairs. This change in the government then met with no opposition except from the classis of Amsterdam, the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth volumes of whose minutes (1790- 1816) are filled with memorials, protests, and petitions relating to the changes then occurring in the government of the Church. The constitution, finally accepted in 1816, is still the basis of the existing church-order, since it gave shape to " The General Regulations of the Reformed Church " made in 1852. But, while these latter gave to that body greater independence than was possessed by the articles of 1816, it was still hampered by many conditions. These conditions were annulled in 1870. In 1857, under the influence of the Liberals and the Romanists, the government banished religious instruction from the schools; and in 1876 it changed the theological faculties in the universities into faculties of comparative religion; but funds were granted to the National Synod for special theological instruction. But, when rationalists secured these professorships, the orthodox party established a Free Reformed University at Amsterdam in 1880. The same party has secured free schools all over Holland in which Evangelical religion is taught.
The Reformed Church embraces a large portion of the Reformed elements in the country, including the Walloons, the English Presbyterians, and the Scotch congregations. The congregations are divided into forty-four classes (or presbyteries), and these are subdivided into 148 smaller groups, called rings, or circuits, for convenient conferences. There are ten provincial synods, and a Walloon Commission. There is one general synod, which consists of only nineteen members, thirteen of whom are ministers, and six are elders. The choice of these is made by the provincial synods, the members of the latter being elected by the classes. The classical assemblies are the characteristic feature of the organism of the Church. They
Holland