THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
army has at present about 1,200 officers with French names. The influence of the Huguenot exodus upon France was as disastrous as it was beneficial to other countries. The austerity of the Huguenots had exercised a wholesome influence upon the French; but when their number was reduced from 1,800,000 in 1660 to 400,000 in 1700, and when this small company was deprived of all civil and religious rights, the corruption of the French court under Louis XIV. had full sway. The year after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Vauban reported to the minister of war, Louvois, that France had lost 100,000 inhabitants, 60,000,000 francs in cash, 9,000 sailors, 12,000 soldiers, and 600 officers. The Roman Catholic Church became the sole arbiter of the destinies of France, but she lost constantly in authority. The industries of France suffered terribly. In Touraine there were left, in 1698, only fifty-four tanneries out of 400, only 1,200 looms out of 8,000, only 4,000 silkweavers out of 40,000, only seventy mills out of 700. Normandy had 26,000 empty houses; the Dauphine" had lost 15,000 inhabitants, and other places in proportion; e.g., Paris 1,202 Huguenot families out of 1,938. Ferdinand Brunetiere, a loyal Roman Catholic, says: " The revocation of the Edict of Nantes arrested the moral progress of France, because it drove into exile the people who called themselves men of the Bible, and who carried their morality, faith, and intelligence everywhere. From Dunkirk to Ba-
yonne, from Brest to Besancon, he (Louis XIV.) cut the nerve of French morality for the metaphysical satisfaction of having God praised only in Latin " (RDM, Oct. 15, 1898). (Etjgen Lachenmann.)
Bibliography: The literature has become extensive, particularly through treatment of Huguenots in the several parts in which they settled. Note the large number of titles given, e.g., in Hauck-Herzog, RE, xvi. 522-524; in Fortescue's Subject Index of Modern Works, ii. 143—146, and the volume for 1901-05, pp. 471-472. Bibliographies are found also in F. de Schickler, Lea Eglises du refuge en Angleterre, 3 vols., Paris, 1892; in R. S. Faber, Catalogue of the Library of the French Hospital, Victoria Park Row, Canterbury. 1901; and the Cambridge Modern History, iii. 771, 1904. The reader should consult also the literature under Coligny, Gaspard de; France; Marot, Clement; Nimes, Edict of; Nantes, Edict of; and Waldenses. Among the sources should be named the publications of the Huguenot Society of London, of the Huguenot Society of America, and the Bulletin de la sociite de I'hist. du protestantisme francais, Paris, 1853 sqq.; the Histoire ecclesiastique of Beza_ and Des Gallars, best edition, 3 vols., Paris, 1883-89; Edits, declarations et arrests concernant la religion pretendue reformee 1662—1751, Paris, 1885. For the English reader the history of the Huguenots is perhaps best set forth in the works of H. M. Baird: Hist, of the Rise of the Huguenots, 2 vols., London, 1880; The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre, 2 vols., New York, 1886; The Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, ib. 1895. Other works to be referred to are: A. E. Bray, Revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes, London, 1870; E. Hugues, Ant. Court, Hist, de la restauration du protestantisme en France au xviii. siecle, 2 vols., Paris, 1872; S. ^Smiles, The Huguenots in France, London, 1876; E. and E. Haag, La France protestante, ed. H. Bordier, 10 vols., Paris, 1877; J. A. Martin, The Spirit, Principles, and Worship of the Huguenots, London, 1885; F. Sander, Die Hugenotten und das Edikt von Nantes, Breslau, 1885; R. Heath, Reformation in France, 2 parts, London, 1888; G. Bonct-Maury, Hist, de la liberie de conscience en France, Paris, 1890; C. Tylor, The Huguenots in the 17th Century, London, 1892; P. F. Willert, Henri of Navarre and the Huguenots of France, New York, 1893; P. de Felice, Les Protestants d'autrefois, 6 vols., Paris, 1897-1907; C. Be-
noist, Condition des Protestants sous le regime de Vedit d Nantes et apres sa revocation, ib. 1900; E. Wilmshurst Fights and Flights of the Huguenots, London, 1901; Canbridge Modern History, vol. ii., chap, v., vol. iii., chap, i Cambridge, 1902-04; E. Armstrong, The French Wars of Religion, Oxford, 1904; De Brimont, Le xvi. Siecle et les guerrcs de reforme en Berry, 2 vols., Paris, 1905; Memoirs of a Protestant Condemned to the Galleys of France for his Religion, Translation by Oliver Goldsmith, Introduction by A. Dobson, 2 vols., London, 1895, and another rendering of the same in one volume, 1904; Memoirs of a Huguenot Family, transl. and compiled from the Original Autobiography of the Rev. James Fontaine by Ann Maury. Reprinted from the edition of 1852, New York, 1908.
On the Huguenots in foreign lands consult: W. G. Simms, The Huguenots in Florida, New York, 1854- C Rahlenbeck, Le Protestantisme dans les pays de Limbourg et Outremeux, Brussels, 1856; idem, Rapport sur les cultes et documents concernant le protestantisme beige, ib. 1872- R. L. Poole, Huguenots of the Dispersion, London, 1880' J. C. Morikofer, Geschichte der evangelischen Fluchtlinge in der Schweiz, Leipsic, 1876; H. Fazy, La Saint-Barthelemy et Geneve, Geneva, 1879; S. Smiles, The Huguenots . in England and Ireland, London, 1880; F. de Schickler ut sup.; C. W. Baird, Hist, of the Huguenot Emigration to America, 2 vols., New York, 1885; F. Parkman, Pioneers of France in the New World, London, 1886; D. C. A. Agnew, Protestant Exiles from France, 2 vols., 3d ed. Edinburgh, 1886; T. G. Thomas, Contribution to the Hist, of the Huguenots of So. Carolina, New York, 1887' J. A. F. Puaux, Hist, de I'etablissement des protestants francais en Suede, Paris, 1891; R. Lefevre, Hist of New Paltz, New York, 1678-1820, Albany, 1903; E. Daudet, Hist, de V emigration pendant la revolution francaise, part i, Paris, 1904. Especially valuable to the special student is the bibliography in Hauck-Herzog RE xvi. 522-524.
HUIDEKOPER, FREDERIC: Unitarian; b. at Meadville, Pa., Apr. 7, 1817; d. there May 10, 1892. He studied at Harvard for a year (1834-35), but was forced by failing sight to cease his studies. From 1839 to 1841 he traveled in Europe, and after his return studied theology privately for two years. In 1844 he aided in the organization of Meadville Theological School, in which he had charge of the New Testament department for five years (1844-49), and where he was professor of church history from 1845 to 1877, being also librarian and treasurer for many years. From 1877 until his death he lived in retirement at Meadville, and in the latter years of his life was totally blind. Besides editing the Acts of Pilate (Cambridge, Mass., 1881), he wrote Belief of the first Three Centuries Concerning Christ's Mission to the Underworld (Boston, 1854) ; Judaism at Rome B.C. 76 toA.D. lJfi (New York, 1876); and Indirect Testimony of History to the Genuineness of the Gospels (1878).
HULBERT, ERI BAKER: Baptist; b. at Chicago July 16, 1841; d. there Feb. 17, 1907. He was educated at Madison University, Union College (B.A., 1863), Hamilton Theological Seminary (M.A., 1865), and the University of Gottingen. He held pastorates at Manchester, Vt. (1865-68), Coventry Street, Chicago (1868-69), the First Baptist Church of St. Paul, Minn. (1869-71), and San Francisco (1871-76), and the Fourth Baptist Church, Chicago (1876-82). From 1882 to 1892 he was professor of church history in Baptist Union Theological Seminary, Chicago, and was professor of the same subject and dean of the divinity school of the University of Chicago (1892-1907). He was also acting president of Baptist Union Theological Seminary in 1884-S5.