THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
empire, as a counterbalance against the habitual appeal to the support of the pope.
The motive power of Hutten's plans was political and social rather than religious, and he lacked a deep understanding of the religious side of Luther. This does not exclude, however, a mutual influence. Luther undoubtedly received an impulse from Hutten's edition of the famous work of Lorenzo Valla on the donation of Constantine (1518) and from his Romische Dreifaltigkeit (1519); and, on the other hand, Hutten owed a great deal more to the theologian, especially the Biblical and Evangelical atmosphere of his later productions and his decision to address the masses in their mother tongue. After Rome had demanded the arrest and extradition of Hutten, he found a refuge at the castle of Franz von Sickingen(1520). In his writings his language became more threatening and inflammatory. Hope that the emperor would relax toward the Reformation was destroyed by the Diet of Worms. Without trial Hutten was put under the ban and compelled to leave the security of Sickingen's castle. He tried to uphold his friends, who were on the point of forsaking his cause, but the days of his glory had gone, and his efforts had failed of tangible results. His great plans of uniting the German nobility and free cities against the princes, and of eliminating all benefice-hunters from spiritual offices miscarried completely. He sought refuge in Schlettstadt, Basel, and Muhlhausen, but none of these cities tolerated him. Robbed of his fortune, and suffering from illness, he finally came to Zurich, where Zwingli took care of him until his early death. (H. Ulmann.)
Bibliography: His Opera were collected by E. Booking, 5 and 2 vols., Leipsic, 1859-70. On his German writings consult S. Szamatolski, Ulrichs von Hutten deutsche Schriften, Strasburg, 1891. For his life consult: D. Strauss, Ulrich von Hutten, Leipsic, 1871, Eng. transl., abridged London, 1874; P. Bayle, Dictionary Historical and Critical, pp. 539-541, London, 1735; ADB, vol. xiii.; J. Deckert, Ulrich von Huttens Leben und Wirken, Vienna, 1901; S. M. Jackson, Huldreich Zwingli, pp. 213-220, New York, 1903.
HUTTER, ELIAS: German Biblical scholar; b. at Gorlitz 1553; d. in Augsburg or Frankfort between 1605 and 1609. He devoted himself to Oriental languages as a student at Jena and university teacher at Leipsic; in 1579 he taught Hebrew to the elector Augustus of Saxony. He gave his life with self-sacrificing industry to the issuing of Holy Scripture. The first product of these labors was a Hebrew Bible (1587), which was later incorporated in the " Hamburg Polyglot " (see Bibles, Polyglot, V.). After several unsuccessful attempts he produced, at Nuremberg (1599), the Old Testament as far as the Book of Ruth in six languages, giving in five columns the Chaldee, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German versions, while the sixth column presented either the Low German, French, Italian, or Slavic text. In the same year the New Testament followed in twelve languages, and in 1602, the Psalter, in quadruple translations, the whole constituting the " Nuremberg Polyglot " (see Bibles, Polyglot, V.). He also issued the Prophets in twelve, and the Gospels in four languages. Owing to Hutter's arbitrary treatment of the text, these issues are no longer important. Their contemporary
success fell short of his indefatigable efforts, even though he enjoyed plenty of powerful patronage. In 1600 Charles IX. of Sweden applied to him to produce a Swedish Bible. As pedagogical reformer, Hutter exerted himself to found a school of languages at Nuremberg, where Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German should be learned within four years — a thing at that time without precedent in any school or university. One of his precious possessions was the manuscript of Melanchthon's Loci communes. Geoeg Muller.
Bibliography: Unschuldige Nachrichten von alten und neuen theologischen Sachen, pp. 392-400, 580-583, Leipsic, 1716; G. A. Will, Nurnberger Gelehrtenlexikon, ii. 213, vi. 147, 8 vols., Nuremberg, 1755-1808; J. G. Walch, Bibliotheca theologica selecta, iv. 8, 36 sqq., Jena, 1765; J. B. Glaire, Introduction historique et critique aux livres de VA. et du N. T., i. 226 sqq., Paris, 1839; ADB, xiii. 475-476.
HUTTER (HUTTERUS), LEONHARD: German Lutheran; b. at Hellingen (near Blaubeuren, 10 m. w.n.w. of Ulm), Wurttemberg, Jan., 1563; d. at Wittenberg Oct. 23, 1616. He studied at the universities of Strasburg, Leipsic, Heidelberg, and Jena, took his doctorate in theology at Jena in 1594, and became professor of theology at Wittenberg in 1596. After the reiterated overthrow of the Philippists in electoral Saxony in 1574 and 1591, the University of Wittenberg took the first rank as a school of Lutheran orthodoxy, and Hutter was the most orthodox of the orthodox Lutherans. He has been regarded as the prototype of orthodox Lutheran dogmatics and polemics. No one has confined himself more strictly within the borders of the Lutheran doctrine as authorized and formulated by the Church; no one has adhered with greater faithfulness not only to the spirit, but to the letter of the Lutheran symbols, especially of the Formula of Concord, to which he ascribed almost the character of inspiration. He did not recognize a developing dogmatics; for him dogma was fixed and crystallized, and he considered it as the objective norm against all attacks of other churches and sects.
Hutter's literary activity is almost entirely confined to the two sciences which at his time formed the gist of theological encyclopedia — dogmatics and polemics. His earliest writings were devoted to the explanation and defense of the Lutheran symbols, e.g. his Analysis methodica articulorum Confessionis Augustanm etc. (Wittenberg, 1594), his Collegium theologicum sive xl disputationes de articulis Confessionis Augustanm et libri Christianas Concordim (1610), and especially his extensive commentary on the Book of Concord entitled Libri christiance Concordim explicatio plana et perspicua (1608). But his principal work is his Compendium locorum theologicorum ex Scriptura Sacra et libro Concordice collectum (1610 and often). It owes its origin to the order of Elector Christian II. requesting the Wittenberg faculty to write a simple and clear compendium in strict accordance with the Formula of Concord. This new book was to take its place as the official text-book in the learned institutions of Saxony. It consists of thirty-four loci following in the main Melanchthon's order and method, and is arranged in catechetical form, the questions and answers being adapted to the needs of three different stages of pupils. As far as possible, the Lutheran doctrine