THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
driven to flight, while literary products were sought out and destroyed, save insignificant remnants. As an example of the Inquisition's operation in Italy, its actions against " Lutherans " or other heretics in Venice may be enumerated: in the sixteenth century, according to the acts still preserved in the state archives, there were 803 trials for "Lutheranism"; five for "Calvinism"; thirty-five for Anabaptism; forty-three for relapse of converts into Judaism; sixty-five for blasphemous speeches; 148 for sorcery; forty-five for contempt of religion (that is, of ecclesiastical ceremonies, etc.) ; and more of the sort. Later these figures notably vanish. Branches of the new Roman office were organized in all other cities of Italy, Naples excepted. Rome, however, continued the center; and how numerous the trials conducted at that place must have been appears from the circumstance that the single protocol-book accessible records during the three years 1564-67 no fewer than 111 sentences, all involving severe punishment, some the death penalty, and some imprisonment for life.
As in Italy, so in Spain, the reformatory movement of the sixteenth century fell a prey to the Inquisition (see Spain, Reforma- 2. In Spain tion Movements of Sixteenth Cenand lie tury in). At Seville and Valladolid Nether- the movement was crushed and obliterlands. ated in the course of four autos da fe, 1559 and 1560 (cf. E. Schafer, Sevilla und Valladolid, die evangelischenGemeinden Spaniens im Reformationszeitalter, Halle, 1903); and the Inquisition still flourished in all the land until 1700; according to Llorente, 782 more autos occurred under the first Bourbons (1700-46), wherein 14,000 persons were subjected to heavier or lighter penalties. Indeed, Ferdinand VII. restored the Inquisition along with the Restoration in 1814; but it was finally set aside in 1834. The Inquisition persisted . long also in Portugal, where it was mainly directed against the Jews; it came to an end there in 1826. In the imperial Netherlands, the Inquisition effectively combated the Reformation in the sixteenth century. From Brussels as a center, it was so actively conducted, or supported, from 1522 downward by the officials of Charles V., then by the two stadtholder princesses, that by 1530 its goal seemed achieved. The spirit, however, it could not subdue, and it raged afresh under Philip II., and anticipated the cruel deeds of Alva. When eventually the north provinces conquered their religious and political freedom, the Inquisition had annihilated the Reformation in the south provinces. Its activity was also carried into the Spanish possessions in America, and into the East Indies by the Portuguese.
The Congregatio sandal Romanae et universalis inquisitianis is still maintained by the Curia; and the estimate which Rome puts on the institution appeared in 1867 in the canonization of Pedro Arbues, and in 1869 in the constitution Apostolicae, which threatens penalty for every infraction of the Inquisition's activity. Not one of all the regulations which define its action and determine its aims has been repealed. K. Benrath.
Bibliography: In the first rank as a source is the Directorium of Eymerich, written at Avignon as a manual of procedure in 1376, edited by Pegna, Rome, 1580, cf. P. H. Deriifle in Archiv fur Litteratur- und Kirchengeschichte, 1885, p. 10. The Liber sententiarum inquisitionis Thoksanos is reproduced as an addition to P. van Limborch, Historia Inguisitionis, Amsterdam, 1692, Eng. trans]., London, 1731, often abbreviated and republished in England and America. The Practice/, Inquisitionis of Bernard Guidonis, ed. C. Douais, appeared Paris, 1886. The best collection of sources for the Netherlands is gathered in P. Fr^dericq, Corpus documentorum Inquisitionis, 2 vols., The Hague, 1889-96. Early material on Spain and Italy respectively is included in J. A. Llorente, Historia critica de la Inquisition de Espana, 10 vols., Madrid, 1S22, abridged Eng. transl., Hist, of the Inquisition of Spain from the Time of the Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII., London, 1826, and in E. C. Comba, / nostri Protestanti, vol. ii., Florence, 1897. An index to some sources is found in Catalogue of a Collection of Manuscripts formerly belonging to the Holy Office . . in the Canary Islands, 1499- 1693, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1903.
On the general history of the Inquisition the best work is H. C. Lea, Hist, of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, revised ed., 3 vols., New York, 1906-07. Consult further: J. Marsollier, Hist, de I 'inquisition des son origine, Cologne, 1693; W. H. Rule, Hist, of the Inquisition in Every Country where its Tribunals have been Established, London, 1874; Orti y Lara, La Inquisizion, Madrid, 1877; J. Havet, L'Heresie et le bras seculier, Paris, 1881; A. Henner, Beitrage zur Organisation der papsilichen Ketzergerichte, Leipsic, 1890; J. Hansen, Zauberwesen, Inquisition und Hexenprozess im Mittelalter, Munich, 1900; P. von Hoensbroech, Das Papsttum ins social-kulturellen Wirksamkeit, vol. i., Leipsic, 1900; C. V. Langlois, L'Inquisition d'apres des travaux recents, Paris, 1902; E. Schafer, Beitrage zur Geschichte . . der Inquisition, 3 vols., Giitersloh, 1902; C. Douais, L'Inquisition, se sorigines, sa procedure, Paris, 1906; E. Vacandard, L'Inquisition; . . . le pouvoir coercitifde I'eglise, ib. 1906, Eng. transl., Critical and Historical Study of the Coercive Power of the Church, London, 1908; T. de Cauzons, Les Albigeois et I'inquisition, les Vaudois et I 'inquisition, 2 vols., Paris, 1907; Schaff, Christian Church, v. 1, pp. 515 sqq.; the literature under New Manicheans and in general the treatises on Church history.
For the institution in France, consult: C. Molinier, L'Inquisition dans le midi de la France, Paris, 1881; W. Esmein, Hist. . . de la procedure inquisitoire, ib. 1882; L. Tanon, Hist, de I'inquisition en France, ib. 1893; T. de Cauzons, Hist, de I'inquisition en France; vol. i., Les Origines, Paris, 1909. For Germany consult: H. Haupt, Waldenserthum und Inquisition im sud-bstlichen Deutschland, Freiburg, 1890; P. Flade, Das romische Inquisitionsverfahren in Deutschland, Berlin, 1902. For the Netherlands: W. Moll, Kerkgeschiedenis van Nederland, ii., chap. 16, Utrecht, 1869; J. G. de Hoop-Scheffer, Geschiedenis der Kerkhervorming in Nederland, Amsterdam, 1873; P. Claessens, L'Inquisition dans les Pays-Bas, Turnhout, 1886; P. Fre'dericq, Geschiedenis der Inquisitie in de Nederlanden, 2 vols., Ghent, 1892-97; J. Frederichs, Twe Verhandelingen over de Inquisitie in de Nederlanden, The Hague, 1897. For Italy: L. Witte, A Glance at the Italian Inquisition, London, 1885; L. Amabile, II Santo Officio della Inquisizione in Napoli, 2 vols., Citta di Castello, 1892. For Spain: H. C. Lea, The Inquisition in Spain, 4 vols., New York, 1906-07; idem, The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies, ib. 1908; idem, Chapters from the Hist, of Spain connected with the Inquisition, Philadelphia, 1890; E. de Molfenes, Torquemada et I'inquisition, Paris, 1897; C. J. von Hefele, Life and Times of Cardinal Ximenez, London, 1885. For South America: B. V Mackenna, Francesco Moyen; or, the Inquisition as it was in America, London, 1869. J. T. Medina has written a number of volumes in Spanish, on the Inquisition in Lima, Santiago, 1887; in Chile, 3 vols., ib. 1890; in Cartagena, ib. 1899; in De la Plata, ib. 1899; in the Philippines, ib. 1899; and in Mexico, ib. 1905.
INSABATATI (SABOTIERS) : A name given to the W;ildenses (q.v.) from their sabots, marked with a painted cross, or from the sandals tied crosswise.