THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Plumptre, in Cambridge Bible, Cambridge, 1878; J. T. Demarest, New York. 1879; D. Erdmann, Berlin, 1888; K. F. Keil, Leipsic, 1SS3; V Schegg, Munich, 1883; W Beyschlag, Gottingen, 1SSS; A. F. Manoury, Bar-le- Duc, 1SSS; C. F. Deems, New York, 1889; E. T. Winkler, Philadelphia, 1SS9: A. Plummer, in Expositor's Bible, London, 1891; B. Weiss, in TV, viii. 2 (1892); P. Feine, Eisenach, 1893; J. Adderley, London, 1900; W. H. Bennett, in Century Bible, ib. 1901; C. A. Bigg, ib. 1902; C. Brown, ib. 1906; F. J. Taylor, Fourteen Addresses, ib. 1907.
JAMES, SAINT, OF COMPOSTELLA, ORDER OF:
A military order, founded in 1161, as the Knights of St. James of the Sword (de Spada), by Pedro Fernandez of Fuente Encalada, in the diocese of Astorga, Spain, united in 1170 with the Canons of San Loyo (St. Eligius) of Compostella. Toward the end of the century it was confirmed by Pope Celestine III. In purpose and character the order was like those of Alcantara and Calatrava (qq.v.), but it never equaled them in importance. It came to an end in 1835. See Compostella.
(O. ZocklerI-)
Bibliography: G. Giucci, Iconografia storica degli ordini religiosi e cavallereschi, i. 96-100, Rome, 1836; P. B. Gams, Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, iii., 1, p. 56, Regensburg, 1876; Currier, Religious Orders, p. 217.
JAMES, JOHN ANGELL: English Congregationalist; b. at Blandford Forum (17 m. n.e. of Dorchester, Dorset) June 6, 1785; d. at Birmingham Oct. 1, 1859. After serving four years as an apprentice to a linen-draper at Poole, Dorset, he entered the theological academy at Gosport in 1802, and qualified under the Toleration Act as a dissenting preacher the following year. He was called to Carr's Lane Chapel, Birmingham, in 1805, and ordained pastor there early the following year. He remained in this pastorate till his death. He was chairman of the board of education of Spring Hill College, Birmingham (now Mansfield College, Oxford), from 1838 till his death; and in 1846 he was one of the chief promoters of the Evangelical Alliance. He was held in high esteem as a preacher and author, and as a public man. Though a Calvinist in creed, he laid more stress on Christian duty than on doctrinal niceties. He published numerous single sermons and addresses and a dozen small volumes, of which the best known are Christian Charity (London, 1828); and The Anxious Enquirer after Salvation (Birmingham, 1834), which was widely circulated in England and America and translated into Welsh, Gaelic, and Malagasy. Other writings by James will be found in his Works (17 vols., London, 1860-64).
Bibliography: James's Autobiography was published as the last volume of the Works, ut sup. Consult also: J.Campbell, Reriew of J. A. James' History and Character, London, 1S59; R. W. Dale, Life and Letters of John Angell James, ib. 1861; DNB, xxix. 215-217.
JAMES, MONTAGUE RHODES: Church of England; b. at Livermere (6 m. n.e. of Bury St. Edmund's), Suffolk, Aug. 1, 1862. He studied at King's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1885), and in 1903 was appointed Sanders Reader in bibliography. Since 1905 he has been provost of King's College, and is also director of the Fitzwilliam Museum. He has written or edited Psalms of Solomon (in collaboration with H. E. Ryle; Cambridge, 1891); Testament of Abraham (in collaboration with W. E.
Barnes; 1892); The Gospel according to Peter and the Revelation of Peter (in collaboration with J. A. Robinson; London, 1892); Apocrypha Anecdota (2 vols., Cambridge, 1893-97) ; On the Abbey of St. Edmund at Bury (1895); The Life and Miracles of St. William of Norwich (in collaboration with A. Jessopp, 1896) ; Sources of Archbishop Parker's Collection of Manuscripts (1899) ; Verses in the Windows of Canterbury Cathedral (1901); Ancient Libraries of Canterbury and Dover (1904) ; and Ghost Stories of an Antiquary (1904); as well as descriptive catalogues of the manuscripts (especially western) in the libraries of Eton College (Cambridge, 1895), the Fitzwilliam Museum (1895), and Lambeth Palace (1900), and of the following Cambridge colleges: Jesus (1895), King's (1895), Sidney Sussex (1895), Peterhouse (1899), Trinity (4 vols., 1900-05), Emmanuel (1904), Pembroke (1905), Christ's (1905), Clare (1906), Queen's (1906), Trinity Hall (1907), and Gonville and Caius (2 vols., 1907-08).
JAMES, WILLIAM: American psychologist and philosopher; b. in New York Jan. 11, 1842. He studied in private schools, then at the Lawrence Scientific School and the Harvard Medical School (M.D., 1869) . He has taught at Harvard since 1876, having been instructor in philosophy 1872-76, assistant professor of anatomy and physiology 1876-80, assistant professor of philosophy 1880-85, professor of philosophy 1885-89, professor of psychology 1889-97, and professor of philosophy again since 1897 He holds a position in the front rank of modern psychologists, and in this field has exercised a potent influence both in Europe and America. In philosophy he represents what may be called empirical idealism as opposed to absolute idealism. His works have been widely translated, and are characterized by keen analysis, apt illustration, lucid exposition, and a charm of style rarely encountered in works on philosophy. He has published The Principles of Psychology (2 vols., New York, 1890); Psychology — Briefer Course (1892); The Will to Believe, and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (1897); Human Immortality: Two Supposed Objections to the Doctrine (Boston, 1898); Talks to Students on Psychology, and to Teachers on Some of Life's Ideals (New York, 1899) ; Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (1902), Gifford Lectures delivered at Edinburgh 1900-01, a work which has attracted much attention, and establishes his claim to mention in a religious encyclopedia; Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking (1907); and Pluralistic Universe (Hibbert Lectures; 1909). In 1908 a volume of Essays Philosophical and Psychological was published in his honor in New York.
JAMESON, je'me-sun, ANNA BROWNELL: English authoress; b. in Dublin, Ireland, May 17, 1794; d. at Ealing (9 m. w. of St. Paul's, London), Middlesex, Mar. 17, 1860. She was the daughter of Denis Brownell Murphy, an Irish miniature-painter, who came to England in 1798 and settled with his family at London in 1803. After spending a number of years as governess in the family of the marquis of Winchester, and in other noted families, she contracted an unhappy marriage with Robert Jameson,