THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
and took sides against the Appellants; and Louis XV., led by his former teacher, Cardinal Fleury, oppressed them in every way. Noailles was compelled to submit (172S), and in 1730 the bull was formally registered as the law of the kingdom.
A young Jansenist clergyman, Francois de Paris,
had died in 1727 as a result of his ascetic practises,
with his " appeal " in his hand, and
7. Convolu- some miraculous cures performed at
tionists. his grave were looked upon as a divine confirmation of the cause of the Appellants; even children fell into convulsions and trances on his grave, prophesying and testifying against the bull. Infidels were carried away by the fanaticism of the thousands who knelt at the grave of Paris in the churchyard of St. M6dard. In 1732 the king ordered the graveyard to be closed; but portions of earth which had been taken from the grave were equally efficacious, and the number of convulsionary prophets of coming ruin to Church and State continued to increase until the movement ended in strife, and sometimes in moral disorder, after giving occasion to the skeptics to draw conclusions unfavorable to the miracles of Christianity.
The Jansenists of the first generation had endeavored to enforce the practise of confession to the parish priest, not to friars and
8. Close Jesuits, but the subsequent persecu-
of Con- tion compelled them to confess to troversies. appellant priests. On their death-bed, however, they had to confess to their regular pastor if they wished to be buried with the rites of the Church. Under the influence of the Jesuits, Beaumont, archbishop of Paris, resolved to refuse the last rites of the Church to all those who produced no evidence that they had confessed when in health to their parish priest. When a priest in 1752 accordingly refused absolution to an Appellant, the archbishop was summoned before parliament and threatened with confiscation of his revenues. Most of the bishops took the side of the archbishop, in defense of the unrestricted right of the Church to control the sacraments, while other parliaments took sides with that of Paris, on the ground that it was trying to protect citizens against clerical oppression. In 1753 the king forbade the parliament to meddle in ecclesiastical affairs, and its members were dispersed and banished; but in the following year they were recalled, although they still insisted upon their rights, and the archbishop who still refused absolution to Appellants was exiled. The bishops, supported by the king, requested the decision of the pope, who now manifested considerably more caution in regard to the bull Unigenitus by refusing the sacraments only to such Appellants as were recognized as such publicly and by law. The king referred grievances concerning the refusal of the sacraments to spiritual courts, but with the right of appeal to secular courts. The dissensions of Jansenism ceased only with the excitement preceding the expulsion of the Jesuits. The literature on these disputes from the time of the bull Unigenitus comprises three or four thousand volumes in the Bibliotheque Nationale of Paris.
(Paul Tschackert.)
Bibliography: The best earlier literature is given in Schaff, Creeds, i. 102. Consult: T. Bouvier, Hist, du Jansenisme, Strasburg, 1864; S. P. Tregelles, The Jansenists; their Rise, Persecutions and existing Fragments, London, 1851; R. F. W. Guettee, Jansenisme et Jesuitisme, Paris, 1857; R. Rapin, Hist, du Jansenisme, Paris, 1865; idem, Mcmoires sur Veglise 1644—99, ed. L. Aubineau, 3 vols., ib. 1865; F. X. Linsenmann, M . Bains und die Grundlegung des Jansenismus, Tubingen, 1867; W. H. Jervis, The Gallican Church, i. chaps, xi.-xiv., ii. chaps, v. vi., viii., 2 vols., London, 1872; A. Schill, Die Constitution Unigenitus, Freiburg, 1876; E. L. T. Henke, Neuere Kirchengeschichte, ed. Gass, ii. 97 sqq., Halle, 1878; A. Vandenpeerenboom, Cornelius Jansenius, Bruges, 1882; A. Ricard, Les Premiers Jansenistes, Paris, 1883; Ii. Seche, Les Derniers Jansenistes, 1710-1870, 3 vols., ib. 1891; C. Gilardoni, La Bulle Unigenitus, Vitry-le-Francois, 1892; idem, L'Abbaye de Haute-Fontaine et le Jansenisme, ib. 1894; C. Callewaert, Jansenius evigue d'Ypres, Louvain, 1893; Mrs. M. Tollemache, French Jansenists, London, 1893; G. Doublet, Le Jansenisme dans Vancien diocese de Vence, Paris, 1901; J. Gaillard, Un prelat janseniste. Choart de Buzeuval, evigue de Beauvais, 1651-79, ib. 1902; A. M. P. Ingold, Boussuet et le Jansenisme, ib. 1904; V. Durand, Le Jansenisme au xviii. siecle et Joachim Colbert, eveque de Montpellier (1696-1738), ib. 1907; Cambridge Modern History, v. 82 sqq., New York, 1908. The bull Unigenitus is given in Lat. in Reich, Documents, pp. 386-389. The reader should consult also for further light on the subject the literature given under Pascal, Blaise; Port Royal; and Quesnel, Pasquier.