THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Jansen had taught them in a heretical sense. (3) It rejects the bull Unigenitus, since this bull validates the moral system of the Jesuits for the whole Roman Catholic Church. The importance of the Old Catholic Church of Holland for all Roman Catholic Christendom lies not only in the fact that it is a monument of the spirit of the earlier centuries, but also in the fact that it has entered into relations with the Old Catholic movement in Germany and Switzerland. When the Old Catholic spirit was aroused in Germany in opposition to the dogma of infallibility in 1870, and the necessity of a bishop for the newly organized Old Catholic Church was felt, it was H. Heykamp, the Old Catholic bishop of Deventer, who, in 1S73, consecrated J. H. Reinkens bishop of the German Old Catholics. See Old Catholics. (J. A. Geeth van Wijk.)
Bibliography: C. P. Hoynck a Papendrecht, Hist, ecclesiae Ultrajectinae, Mechlin, 1725; T. Backhusius, Bewijs- Schrift, 3 vols.. Utrecht, 1726-30; M. G. Dupac de Bellegarde, Hist, abregee de Veglise metropolitaine d'Utrecht, ib. 1852; J. W. Neale, Hist, of the so-called Jansenist Church of Holland, London, 1858; R. Bennink Janssonius, Geschiedenis der Oud-Roomsch-Katholieke Kerk in Nederland, The Hague, 1870; F. Nippold, Die romisch-katholische Kirche . . der Niederlande, Leipsic, 1877; J. A. van Beek, Geschiedenis der hollandsche Kerk, Rotterdam, 1886; Neerlandia Catholica, Utrecht, 1888; J. de Huller, Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van het Utrechtsche Schisma, The Hague, 1892; W. P. C. Knuttel, De Toestand der nederlandsche Katholieken, 2 vols., ib. 1892-94; J. Meyhoffer, Le Martyrologe protestant des Pays-Bas, 1423-1597, The Hague, 1907. The literature of the church is given by J. A. van Beek, Lijst van boeken uitgeven in de Oud-Katholieke Kerk, 3 vols., Rotterdam, 1892-93. Much of the literature under Jansenism is pertinent, e.g., the work of Tregelles.
JANSSEN, yans'sen, JOHANNES: Roman Catholic; b. at Xanten (15 m. s.e. of Cleves) Apr. 10, 1829; d. at Frankfort Dec. 24, 1891. He studied at Munster, Louvain, Bonn, and Berlin from 1849 to 1853 (Ph.D., Bonn, 1853), and was professor of history in the gymnasium of Frankfort from 1854 until his death. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1860, was a member of the Prussian House of Deputies in 1875-76, was created a domestic prelate to the pope and an apostolic prothonotary in 1880. His theological position was so ultramontanistic as to evoke sharp criticism from Protestant historians for his partizan views of the moral, economic, and religious results of the Reformation. Of his many books the chief is the monumental Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgang des Mittelatiers (8 vols., Freiburg, 1879-94), the last three edited and completed by L. Pastor; Eng. transl. by M. A. Mitchell and A. M. Christie, Hist, of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, 12 vols., London, 1896-1907; Pastor has also reedited the whole work, and has supervised the publication of a series of monographs in defense of it under the title Erlduterungen und Ergdnzungen zu Janssens Geschichte des deutschen Volkes (6 vols., Freiburg, 1898-1908). Janssen replied to his critics in his An meine Kritiker (Freiburg, 1882) and Ein zweites Wort an meine Kritiker (1883).
Bibliography: L. Pastor, Johannes Janssen, 1829-91, ein Lebensbild, Freiburg, 1893; F. Meister, Erinnerung an Johann Janssen, Frankfort, 1896.
JANNSENS, ERASMUS (ERASMUS JOHAN- NES) : Dutch Unitarian theologian; b. about
1540; d. at Clausenburg (220 m. e.s.e of Budapest) 1596. He became rector of the college at Antwerp in 1576, but because of his Socinian teaching was compelled by William of Orange to resign and go into exile. He became rector of the college at Emden, and in 1579 he went to Frankfort, where there seemed prospects of larger religious liberty. But his Clara demonstratio Antichristum immediate post mortem apostolorum coepissi regnare in ecclesia Christi (n.p., 1584) caused him new trouble, and he emigrated to Cracow in Poland. A disputation with Faustus Socinus Nov. 29-30, 1584, led to Janssens' De unigeniti filii Dei existentia (Cracow, 1595). A little later Janssens withdrew his opposition to the Unitarian doctrine, being offered the pastorate of the Unitarian church at Clausenburg, in the service of which he closed his life.
His system of theology is stated in his Antithesis doctrinw Christi et Antichristi de uno vero Deo (n.p., 1583; reprinted with refutation by J. Zanchius, Neustadt, 1586). He was author also of Scriptum quo causas propter quas vita ozterna contingat complectitur (1589), and furnished the part on the prophets in the Latin Bible of Tremellius and Junius (Frankfort, 1579).
Bibliography: C Sandius, Bibliotheca antitrinitariorum, passim, Freistadt, 1684; J. N. Paquot, Memoires pour servir a I'hist. litteraire de . . Pays-Bas, vii. 328-333, 18 vols., Louvain, 1763-70; J. C. A. Hoefer, Nouvelle biographie generate, xxvi. 357, Paris, 1861.
JANUARIUS, SAINT: The patron saint of Naples; b., according to tradition, either at Naples or Benevento about the middle of the third century; martyred at Puteoli Sept. 19 (according to other accounts, May 1 or 2, Oct. 19, or Dec. 16), 305. Within a century after his death his relics are said to have been translated to a church before the gates of Naples, whence they were taken, about 820, to Benevento (the head being left in Naples), and were finally interred in a church of Benevento in 1129. Since 1497 they have rested in the Januarius chapel of the cathedral of Naples, the head and two glass flasks said to contain his blood being in the Capelladi Tesoro of the same structure. The famous miracle of the liquefaction of the blood in the flasks when brought near the head is said to have taken place first in the twelfth century, and is abundantly confirmed since the middle of the fifteenth century, as by Pius II. (Aeneas Sylvius), the physician Angelus Cato (1474), the Bollandists Henschen and Papebroch (Mar. 10, 1661), and the Bollandist Stilting (Aug. 21, 1754); cf. the account of J. P. Peters, in American Church Magazine, Aug. or Sept., 1902. It occurs three times a year — on the first Saturday of May, in the evening, on Sept. 19 and Dec. 16, between 9 and 10 a.m. "According as the liquefaction is rapid or slow it is considered a good or evil omen for the ensuing year." (Baedeker.) Other miracles are also related as occurring in the nineteenth century in connection with this phenomenon. There are other less important saints and beatified of the same name.
Bibliography: The early Acta and Translatio, with comment, are in ASB, Sept., vi. 762-894. A list of literature is given, Potthast, Wegweiser, p. 1385. Consult: Kirwan's Romanism at Home, pp. 81-94, New York, 1852; J. Peter, La Legende de S. Janvier, Lausanne, 1884; E. Gothein, Die Culturentwicklung Sud-Italiens, pp. 112- 142, Breslau, 1886.