THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
of Ephesus, who was baptized about 125-130) was buried there. All clearly intelligible tradition says that he was the son of Zebedee chosen by Christ as an apostle. There is not a counter-statement to be found in the first eight centuries; an apparent assertion of Papias that the apostle John was put to death by the Jews in Palestine is seen when investigated to refer to John the Baptist.
It is safe, then, to say that the apostle John, with other disciples of Christ, came from Palestine to Asia Minor. If Polycarp, on the day of his death (Feb. 23, 155), was looking back on 5. Con- eighty-six years of life as a Christian, elusion, not as a man, and was thus baptized in 69, and if his conversion (according to Irenaeus, Haer., III., hi. 4) was the work of an apostle, this migration to Asia Minor must have occurred before that date, possibly as a result of the outbreak of the Jewish war. John, then perhaps not more than sixty or sixty-five, would thus have been able to devote some thirty years to the fostering of Christian life in the province. His image as a priest in pontifical garments long lived in the memory of the Christians of Ephesus (Eusebius, Hist, eccl., V., xxiv. 3). The whilom "Son of Thunder " was not in his old age a subtle philosophical disputant nor the soft-hearted preacher of a weak tolerance, but stands out a sharply defined character, his own position firmly taken and earnestly pressing others to decide between light and darkness, Christ and Antichrist. The John of the years between 27 and 52 pictured in the older Xew-Testament writings, stands out less clearly in the Apocalypse, in which his task was merely to reproduce what had been given him, than in the Epistles, in which he exercised his office as teacher and head of the Church of Asia Minor with unexhausted power. He is recognized again in the story left by his disciple Polycarp (Irensus, Haer., III., iii. 4) of his encounter with the heretic Cerinthus in the public bath at Ephesus, and in the account (Eusebius, Hist, eccl., V., xxiv. 3, 16) of his celebration of the Christian Passover in the form borrowed from the old covenant and familiar to him in Palestine. (T. Zahn.)
Bibliography: Various phases of the subject are discussed in the treatises on the Church history of the period, e.g. Schaff, Christian Church, i. 406-431; in works on the theology of the Bible and the N. T. (so particularly Beyschlag); and in works on introduction to the Bible and the N. T. Some of the most elaborate introductions are prefixed to the commentaries, e.g., to Westcott's treatment in the Bible Commentary.
On the life of St. John consult, besides Schaff, ut sup., and McGiffert, as below: F. Trench, The Life and Character of St. John, London, 1850; M. Krenkel, Der Apostel Johannes, Leipsic, 1871; J. M. Macdonald, The Life and Writings of St. John, New York, 1880; P. J. Gloag, Life of St. John, London, 1892.
General commentaries on the Johannine writings are H. Ewald, Die johannischen Schriften, 2 vols., Gottingen, 1861; J. T. Harris, The Writings of the Apostle John, 2 vols., London, 1889; H. J. Holtzmann, Evangelium, Briefe, und Offenbarung des Johannes, Tubingen, 1908. An excellent review of recent Johannean literature is furnished in the Theologische Rundschau, Sept.-Oct., 1906, Apr.-May, 1907 (all of these very valuable to the close student).
Questions of introduction to the Apocalypse are discussed in: F. Liicke, Einleitung in die Offenbarung Johannes, Bonn, 1852; H. Gebhardt, Der Lehrbegriff der Apokalypse und sein V erhMtniss zum Lehrbegriff des Evangeliums und der Epistel des Johannes, Gotha, 1873, Eng.
transl., Edinburgh, 1878; D. Volter, Die Entstehung der Apokalypse, Freiburg, 1885; idem, Das Problem der Apokalypse, ib. 1893; E. Vischer, Offenbarung Johannit in TV, ii.3 (1886); H. Schon, L'Origine de V Apocalypse] Paris, 1887; P. Schmidt, Ueber die Composition der Offenbarung, Freiburg, 1891; W. Bousset, Der Antichrist in der Ueberlieferung des Judentums, des N. T., und der alien Kirche, Gottingen, 1895; H. Gunkel, Schbpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit, ib. 1895; J. Wellhausen, Analyse der Offenbarung Johannis, Berlin, 1907.
The exegetical literature on the Johannine writings is exceedingly voluminous; the following is a selection of that on the Apocalypse: H. B. Swete, London, 1909 (best); A. Ewald, Leipsic, 1828; M. Stuart, 2 vols., Andover| 1845; E. W. Hengstenberg, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1861-62] Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1851-52; J. H. A. Ebrard Konigsberg, 1853; F. Bleek, Berlin, 1862, Eng. transl. London, 1875; E. B. Elliott, 4 vols., ib. 1862; G. Yolkmar, Zurich, 1862; H. Kienlen, Paris, 1870; E. Renan, L' Antechrist, Paris, 1873, Eng. transl., London, 1897; T. Kliefoth, Leipsic, 1874; F. Dusterdieck, Gottingen, 1877; W Lee, in Bible Commentary, London, 1881; C. J. Vaughan, ib. 1882; J. T. Beck, Gutersloh, 1884; J. Waller, Freiburg, 1885; E. Vischer, Leipsic, 1886; A. Chauffard, 2 vols., Paris, 1888; G. Spitta, Halle, 1889; W. H. Simcox, in Cambridge Bible, Cambridge, 1890; D. Brown, London, 1891; B. Weiss, Leipsic, 1891; W. Milligan, London, 1892; W. Bousset, Gottingen, 1895; J. M. Gibson, Apocalyptic Sketches, London, 1901; E. Huntingford, ib. 1901; J. A. Petit, Paris, 1901; L. Pragen, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1901; A. Reymond, Lausanne,1903; J. B. Knappenberger, Syracuse, N. Y., 1908; J. J. L. Ruttow, Essays on the Apocalypse, London, 1908; J. L. Scott, ib. 1909.
Commentaries on the Epistles are: B. F. Westcott, London, 1892; W. Augusti, Die katholischen Briefe, 2 vols., Lemgo, 1801; J. W. Grashof, Essen, 1830; J. H. A. Ebrard, Konigsberg, 1859, Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1860; W. Alexander, in Bible Commentary, London, 1881; idem, in Expositor's Bible, ib. 1889; A. Plummer, ib. 1886; J. J. Lias, The First Epistle of St. John, ib. 1887; E. Dryander, The First Epistle of St. John, ib. 1899; J. E. Belser, Freiburg, 1906; R. Law, The Tests of Life. A Study of I John, Edinburgh, 1909; G. G. Findlay, London, 1909.
Critical discussions concerning the Gospel may be found in: F. C. Baur, Kritische Untersuchungen ilber die kanonischen Evangelien, Tubingen, 1847; A. Hilgenfeld, Die Evangelien nach ihrer Entstehung, Leipsic, 1854; A. Sabatier, Essai sur les sources de la vie de Jesus, Paris, 1866; G. Volkmar, Der Ursprung unserer Evangelien, Zurich, 1866; G. Miiller, Die Entstehung der vier Evangelien, Berlin, 1877; C. Tischendorf, Wann wurden unsere Evangelien verfasst ? Leipsic, 1880; B. F. Westcott, Introduction to the Study of (lie Gospels, London, 1895; C. Weijsacker, Untersuchungen iiber die evangelische Geschichte, ihre Quellen und den Gang ihrer Entwicklung, Tubingen, 1901. Consult also the special discussions: B. Bauer, Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte des Johannes, Bremen, 1840; C. Wittichen, Der geschichtliche Charakter des Evangeliums Johannes, Elberfeld, 1868; J. Orr, Authenticity of St. John's Gospel, London, 1870; C. E. Luthardt, Der johannische Ursprung des 4- Evangeliums, Leipsic, 1874, Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1885; W. Beyschlag, Zur johannischen Frage, Gotha, 1876; W Sanday, Authorship and Historical Character of the Fourth Gospel, London, 1876; idem, Criticism of the Fourth Gospel, ib. 1905; E. Abbot, Authorship of the Fourth Gospel, Boston, 1880; A. Thoma, Die Genesis des johannischen Evangeliums Berlin, 1882; F. Godet, Authorship of the Fourth Gospel, London, 1884; H. H. Evans, St. John the Author of the Fourth Gospel, ib. 1888; H. W. Watkins, Modern Criticism in its Relation to the Fourth Gospel, ib. 1890; P. J. Gloag, Introduction to the Johannine Writings, Edinburgh, 1S91; G. W. Gilmore, The Johannean Problem, Philadelphia, 1895; A. C. McGiffert, Hist, of Christianity in the Apostolic Age, pp. 606-635, New York, 1897; J. Reville, Le Quatrieme Evangile, Paris, 1900; H. T. Purchas, Johannine Problem, London, 1901; J. Grill, Die Entstehung des I Evangeliums, Tubingen, 1902; W. Wrede, Charakter und Tendenz des Johanniserangeliums, ib. 1903; J. Drummond, The Character and Authorship of the Fourth Gospel. London, 1904; H. I,. Jackson, The Fourth Gospel and Some Recent German Criticism, New York, 1906; K. Meyer, Der Zeugniszweck des Evangelisten Johannes, Gutersloh, 1906; W. Richmond, The Gospel of the Rejection: a Study of the