THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
in the patriarchate of Aquileia and the archbishoprics of Ravenna, Milan, and Genoa. The same purpose was served by the foundation of a large number of new dioceses by division of the older ones. For John's relation to the Franciscans, see Francis, Saint, of Assisi, III., §§ 5-7; for his activity in the field of canon law, see Canon Law, II., 6, § 3. See also Beghards, Begtjines, § 6. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: The weightiest documents of John's reign are published in the Annales ecclesiastici of O. Raynaldus ed. A. Theiner, vol. xxiv., Bar le Due, 1872; in AMA, xv. 2, 61 sqq., xvi. 2. 156 sqq., xvii. 1, 159 sqq., 1880-86; in Vatikanische Studien, Innsbruck, 1S90; W H. Bliss, Calendar . . . Papal Letters, ii. 123 sqq., in Rolls Series, London, 1895; the bull Licet juxta doctrinam is quoted in Mirbt, Quellen, pp. 152-153; important also are Lettres du pape Jean XXII., 1316-34, relatives a la France, Athens, 1900 sqq. The earlier lives are collected in S. Baluze, Yitae paparum Arenionensium, i. 113 sqq., Paris, 1693, and in G. Villani, Cronica, books ix.-xi., Florence, 1823. Consult: Pastor. Popes, i. 58-83; 0. lliiller, Der Kampf Ludwigs . mit der riimischen Kurie, vol. i., Tubingen, 1S79; S. Riezler, Geschichte Baierns, ii. 348 sqq., Gotha, 1880; W. Felten, Die Bulle Ne pretereat, 2 vols., Treves! 1885-87; B. Jungmann, Dissertationes selectae, vi. 156 sqq., Regensburg, 18S6; M. Faucon, La Librairie des papes d'Avignon, 2 vols., Paris, 1886-87; Regulae cancellariae apostolicae, Innsbruck, 1888; L. Konig, Die papstliche Kammer unter . Johann XXII., Vienna, 1894; Nean-
der, Christian Church, iv. 358 et passim; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vi. 575 sqq.; Bower, Popes, iii. 73-78; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, ii. 140-147, London, n.d.; Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 18-120.
John XXIII. (Baltasare Cossa): Pope 1410-15. He came of a noble Neapolitan family. At first
he took up the profession of arms, but later he studied at the University of Bologna and became cardinal in 1402 and legate of Bologna in 1403. In this position he rendered distinguished services for the restitution and protection of the Papal States (q.v.) and for the increase of the papal finances. He fell out with Gregory XII. and became the leading spirit of the Council of Pisa (q.v.); the newly elected pope, Alexander V., was only an instrument in his hands. After the death of Alexander, John himself was elected pope May 17, 1410. He carried on a successful war against Ladislaus of Naples (battle of Roccasicca, Apr. 29, 1411), but was forced to flee and throw himself into the arms of the Roman King Siegmund. By his ignominious flight from the Council of Constance (Mar. 20 to 21, 1415), John incurred the hatred of the whole assembly. On May 29, 1415, the council deposed him and delivered him into the hands of Count Palatine Louis of Bavaria. He was then imprisoned in Radolfszell, Gottlieben, Heidelberg, and Mannheim till 1418, when he was released by Martin V and made cardinal bishop of Tusculum. He died Dec. 22, 1419. (B. Bess.)
Bibliography: Pastor, Popes, i. 191-199; Creighton, Papacy, i. 267-344; C. Hunger, Zur Geschichte Papst Johannes XXIII., Bonn, 1876; J. Schwerdfeger, Papst Johann XXIII. und die Wahl Siegmunds, 1410, Vienna, 1895; H. Blumenthal, in ZKG, xxi. 1900; Neander, Christian Church, v. 90 sqq.; Bower, Popes, iii. 171-201; E. J. Kitts, In the Days of the Councils; a Sketch of the Life and Times of Baldassare Cossa, Edinburgh, 1909.
I. The Man.
His Position Among the Apostles
(§ 1). His Family (§ 2). His Character (§3). II. The Writings Attributed to
John. 1. The Apocalypse.
JOHN THE APOSTLE.
Preliminary Considerations (§1). External Testimony (§ 2). John the Presbyter (§ 3). The Date of Composition (§ 4).
2. The Epistles.
I John (§ 1).
II and III John (§ 2).
3. The Gospel.
Its Character (§ 1).
Internal Testimony to Authorship (§ 2).
Objections to Johannine Authorship (§ 3).
John's Residence at Ephesus (§ 4).
Conclusion (§ 5).
I. The Man: The picture which the name of John calls up in the mind of every educated Christian is a reflection of the traits apparent in the writings transmitted under his name; but whether he was the author of those writings has been for a hundred years a question to which diverse answers have been given, many denying his authorship absolutely, while others regard it as uncertain. The attempt must be made to arrive at the historical position of the apostle from these writings and from the traditions as to his later life which are so closely connected with them.
In nearly all the lists of the apostles, after the
names of Peter and Andrew come those of James
and John, the sons of Zebedee. That in Acts i. 13
John comes before James, and both
i. His before Andrew may be explained by
Position the fact that in this book John was to Among the be frequently named as a prominent
Apostles, man in the apostolic circle, while James appears only once, in the mention of his martyrdom (xii. 2). On the other hand, it may be concluded from the almost constant precedence given to James in the Gospels that he was the elder brother, for the greater historical importance of John was well known by the time the Gospels were
written. According to an old and wide-spread tradition, John was the youngest of all the apostles. If this is accepted, it adds to the probability of the assertion that he died a very old man after the accession of Trajan, 98 a.d.
The father of James and John pursued with them
and with several hired men (Mark i. 20) the trade
of a fisherman at Capernaum. More
2. His is known of the mother; she accom-
Family. panied Christ on his last journey to Jerusalem, and by her request for places of honor in the Messianic kingdom for her sons showed not only her own ambition but her firm belief in the coming of that kingdom; she was seen again at the cross, and appears as one of the women who had helped to support the Savior in Galilee and on this last journey, and cared for the proper burial of his body after the crucifixion. Her name, Salome, is preserved by Mark (xv. 40, xvi. 1; cf. Matt, xxvii. 56). The comparison of John xix. 25 with this last passage and Mark xv. 40 leads to a tempting hypothesis that she was the sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus, which would tend to explain more than one traditional statement about the boldness of her demand for her sons. Their call, as well as that of Peter and Andrew, is