RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
John the Steadfast Johns, John
between him and the emperor was decided. Political conditions, however, forced the emperor again to approach the Evangelical estates, and on July 23, 1532, the religious peace of Nuremberg (see Nuremberg, Religious Peace of) was ratified. John had not the gifts of statesmanship which his brother Frederick possessed, but he was a man of fearless courage, deep Evangelical convictions, and unsullied life. (T. Kolde.)
Bibliography: Sources are: Spalatin's Biographie, in J. B. Mencke, Conspectus script, rer. Germ., ii. 1123 sqq., Leipsic, 1728; C. E. Forstemann, Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte des Reichstags zu Augsburg, 2 vols., Halle, 1833-35; idem, Archiv fiir die Geschichte der kirchlichen Reformation, i., part 1, ib. 1833; idem, Neues Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der . Kirchen-Reformation, vol. i., Hamburg, 1842; C. G. Neudecker, Aktenstilcke aus dem Zeitalter der Reformation, Nuremberg, 1839-40; and the various editions of Luther's correspondence. C. A. H. Burckhardt, Geschichte der sdchsischen Kirchen- und Schulvisitationen, Leipsic, 1879; H. Schwarz, Landgraf Philipp von Hessen und die Packischen-Handel, Leipsic, 1884; O. Winckelmann, Der schmalkaldische Bund und der Marburger Religionsfriede, Strasburg, 1892; L. von Ranke, Deutsche Geschichte, vols. iii.-iv„ Leipsic, 1894; Cambridge Modern History, ii. 233- 276, New York, 1904; and the literature under Luther; Reformation.
JOHN OF THESSALONICA : Archbishop of Thessalonica. He was delegate of the pope at the sixth ecumenical council (Constantinople, 680). In the proceedings of the second synod held at Nicaea (Mansi, xiii. 164) occurs a fragment of his dialogue between a Christian and a pagan, in which imageworship is justified. Image- worship, he says, relates to the saints and not to the pictures, to God as he used to walk among men; even the angels have a certain corporeality. There has also been handed down a speech of John entitled " On the death of the most holy mother of God and
ever virgin Mary." It is complete only in an old Slavonic translation (in Popov, Bibliograficeskija materialy, pp. 40-65, Moscow, 1879); fragments of the original are in Tischendorf, Apocalypses apocryphae (Leipsic, 1866). The speech follows closely the De dormitione Mariae of Pseudo-John and has been ascribed to him. There is also extant a writing entitled " On the glorious, victorious Demetrius" (ASB., Oct., iv. 104-160) which bears the name of John of Thessalonica.
(N. Bonwetsch.)
Bibliography: Leo Allatius, De Symeonum scriptis, pp. 105, 110, Paris, 1664; M. Le Quien, Oriens Chrisiianus, ii. 42, 3 vols., Paris, 1740; W. Cave, Scriptorum ecclesiasticorum historia literaria, i. 597, Oxford, 1740; Fabricius-Harles, Bibliotheca Graeca, x. 219, 250, 285, Hamburg, 1807; Krumbacher, Geschichte, p. 192; DCB, iii. 396.
JOHN-BONITES: An order of hermits, founded by Giovanni Buono (b. at Mantua 1168; d. Oct. 23, 1249), who, after long years as a strolling jongleur, was converted in 1208. Retiring to a lonely spot near the church of Santa Maria di Budriolo, not far from Cesena, he is said to have lived first as an absolute hermit, but about 1217 began to gather companions around him. Although he never took orders, and could neither read nor write, the fame of his extraordinary mortifications wrought marvellous conversions, both among his immediate followers and among the heretical Lombard Patarenes, many of whom he restored to the Church. Without formulating a written rule, or even a defi-
nite mode of life, for his spiritual children, communities of hermits are said to have originated in his own lifetime, located at Bertinoro (near Forli), Mantua, Venice, Bologna, Parma, Ferrara, Poggiolo, Faenza, Poncelia, and Rimini. A few years before Buono's death, the John-Bonites (Johannbonitae, J ambonitae) , whom their founder had vested with a gray habit, were bound by Innocent IV. to the Augustinian rule. Alexander IV., by bull of Aug. 13, 1256, forced them to enter his newly founded order of Augustinian hermits, thus terminating their independent existence. The efforts to canonize Giovanni Buono, originating chiefly from Mantua and begun as early as the middle of the thirteenth century, resulted only in his beatification by Sixtus IV in 1483; nevertheless, he is the chief patron of Mantua, where his remains have reposed in the church of Santa Agnese Nuova since
1451. (O. ZoCKLERf.)
Bibliography: The Vita of the founder, by A. Calepino, with commentary, is in ASB, Oct., ix. 693-886; Helyot, Ordres monastiques, iii. 8 sqq.
JOHNS, CLAUDE HERMANN WALTER: Church of England; b. at Ban well (22 m. s.w. of Bath), Somersetshire, Feb. 20, 1857. He was educated at Queen's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1880), and was second master successively at Horton College, Tasmania, in 1880-84 and Paston Grammar School, North Walsham, Norfolk, in 1884-86. He was ordered deacon in 1887 and ordained priest in the following year, and from 1887 until 1892 was tutor in St. Peter's Training College for Schoolmasters, Peterborough, as well as curate of St. Botolph's, Helpston (1887-88), and of St. John's, Peterborough (1888-91). Since 1892 he has been rector of St. Botolph's, Cambridge. He was also chaplain of Queen's College from 1893 to 1901, and since 1897 has been lecturer in Assyriology in Cambridge University, as well as in King's College, London, since 1902. He has likewise been Edwards fellow in the former university since 1900, and was honorary secretary of the Cambridge Pupil Teachers' Centre in 1894-1900. In theology he is a moderate Anglican. He has written Assyrian Deeds and Documents (3 vols., Cambridge, 1898-1902); An Assyrian Doomsday-Book, or Liber Censualis of the District round Harran (Leipsic, 1901); The Oldest Code of Laws in the World, Promulgated by Hammurabi (Edinburgh, 1903); and Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts, and Letters (New York, 1904).
JOHNS, JOHN: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Virginia; b. at New Castle, Del., July 10, 1796; d. at Alexandria, Va., Apr. 5, 1876. He studied at Princeton (B.A., 1815), and subsequently spent two years in the theological seminary there. In both college and seminary he was a classmate of Charles Hodge, with whom he formed a lifelong intimacy. He was ordained deacon in 1819, and priest in 1820. His first parish was All Saints, Frederick, Md., where he remained till 1829, when he became rector of Christ Church, Baltimore. This charge he held till he was elected assistant bishop of Virginia in 1842. He became bishop in 1862. He was for a number of years the head of the Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary of
Johnson