THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Bibliotheca, cod. 48, under the title Peri tou pantos or Peri tes tou pantos aitias or Peri tes tou pantos ousias, is of Christian origin and is quoted by the author of the Philosophumena as his own. The author of both is most probably Hippolytus, among whose works there is mentioned one entitled Peri tou pantos. A work projected by Josephus on theology seems never to have been written.
The first edition of the Greek text of the works of Josephus was published by Frobenius and Episcopius (Basel, 1544). It was followed by the Geneva editions of 1611 and 1634, and by the edition of Ittig (Leipsic, 1691). A text of the complete works, revised after manuscripts, was furnished by Hudson (2 vols., Oxford, 1720). Then came
the editions of Havercamp (2 vols., 3. Edi- Amsterdam, Leyden, Utrecht, 1726), tions. of Oberthiir (3 vols., Leipic, 1782-
1785), and of Richter (6 vols., Leipsic, 1826-27). On the basis of Havercamp's material the text was revised by Dindorf \2 vols., Paris, 1845-47). This was followed by the pocket edition of Bekker (6 vols., Leipsic, 1855-56). A comprehensive collation of all good manuscripts was made only in recent times by Niese; his efforts resulted in a critical edition which by the richness of the apparatus far excels all former editions (FUivii Josephi opera edidit et apparatu critico instruxit Benedictus Niese, 6 vols., Berlin, 1887-94 ; vol. vii. is a carefully compiled index, 1895). On the basis of Xiese's apparatus appeared an edition by Naber (6 vols., Leipsic, 1888-96). There exists an early Latin translation of the complete works of Josephus, with the exception of the Vita. Cassiodorus seems to be the author of the Latin translation of the '' Antiquities " and of the Contra A pionem. The first printed edition of the Latin Josephus was published by Johann Schussler in Augsburg, 1470. Since then until the appearance of the first Greek edition it has been printed frequently, and the later editions were frequently corrected after the Greek. A critical edition of the Latin version, resting upon a comprehensive use of the sources, was begun by Boysen as vol. xxxvii. of the Vienna CSEL (Vienna, 1898) . With the Latin translation of the Bellum Judaicum is not to be confounded a Latin condensation which is known under the name of Egesippus or Hegesippus. The name Egesippus is only a corruption from Josippus, a Latin form of " Josephus." The work has some original additions, dates from the second half of the fourth century a..d., and has been doubtfully ascribed to Ambrose. The first edition appeared in Paris, 1510; a critically revised text appeared under the title Hegesippus qui dicitur sive Egesippus de hello Judaico ope codicis Casellani recognitus, ed. Weber, opus morte Weberi interruption absolvit Caesar (Marburg, 1864). Under the name Josippon or Joseph, son of Gorion. there exists a history of the Jewish people to the destruction of Jerusalem, in the form of a compendium written in Hebrew, which is in the main excerpted from Josephus, but in many respects differs widely from him. There appeared an edition of it with a Latin translation, by J F. Breithaupt (Gotha, 1707, 1710). Since the sixteenth century the works of Josephus have been translated into almost
all modern European languages. Among the English translations Traill's, giving the Vita and the War, are especially esteemed (London, 1862). [The standard English translation has long been that of W. Whiston (London, 1737, often reproduced, latest ed. by D. S. Margoliouth, 1906). Others were by T. Lodge (1602, and often); Sir R. L. l'Estrange (1702 and often); J. Court (1733, and often); E. Thompson and W C. Price (2 vols., 1777-78); and T. Bradshaw (1792)]. (E. Schure'r.)
Bibliography: The best discussion is in Schiirer, Geschichte i. 74-106, 607-613, iii. 370, Eng. transl. I., i. 77-82 ii 214-223, II. iii. 221-222; Schiirer furnishes very abundant material in the original article in Hauck-Herzog, RE ix. 377 sqq. A very full discussion is to be found in DCB, iii. 441-460. The older material is suggested in Fabricius^ Harles, Bibliotheca Graeca, v. 49-56. Consult further: V. E. P. Chasles, De Vautorite historique de Flavius Josephe Paris, 1841; Creuzer, in TSK, xxvi (1853), 45-86, 906-928; Reuss, in Revue de theologie, 1859, pp. 253-319; W. A. Terwogt, Het Leven van . Flavius Josephus, Utrecht, 1863; R. Nicolai, Griechische Literaturgeschichie, ii. 2, pp. 553-559, Magdeburg, 1877; A. von Gutschmid, Kleine Schriften, iv. 336-384, Leipsic, 1893; C. Wachsmuth, Einleitung in das Studium der alten Geschichte, pp. 438- 449, ib. 1895; Niese, in Historische Zeitschrift, lxxvi (1896), 193-237; linger, in SMA, philosophisch-philologische Klasse, 1895, pp. 551-604, 1896, pp. 357-397, 1897, pp. 189- 244; H. Peter, Die geschichtliche Literatur ilber die romische Kaiserzeit, i. 394-401, Leipsic, 1897; P. Kriiger, Philo und Josephus als Apologeten des Judenlums, ib. 1906; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, i. 314-327.
JOSHUA, jesh'yu-a: An Ephraimite, son of Nun, servant and helper of Moses (Ex. xxiv. 13), and his successor in the leadership of Israel (Num. xxvii. 18-23) . On assuming the leadership, Joshua sent spies who were entertained by Rahab in Jericho, and on their return reported the situation in Canaan (Josh. i. 10— ii. 24). He then ordered preparations to be made for the invasion, which took place on the tenth day of the first month of the forty-first year after the exodus from Egypt. It has been said that Joshua used the fords of the Jordan; but the place and the season of the year are unfavorable to this supposition, since at that time the Jordan overflows its banks (Josh. iii. 15; I Chron. xii. 15). According to the narrative the upper waters of the river stayed as if dammed up, while the lower waters flowed off into the Dead Sea. The suggestion of Klostermann that the phenomenon may have been caused by a severe earthquake which raised the bed of the river or produced a landslide across the river bed, which was afterward carried away by the flood, offers a natural explanation of the way in which the river was crossed dry-footed. To preserve the memory of this crossing, the leader had twelve stones carried from the bed of the river and set up at Gilgal, midway between the river and Jericho (Josh. iv. 1-8, 20-24). The people were then circumcised and the feast of the Passover was celebrated. The promise made to Joshua that Yahweh, the leader of the host of the people which had become \ahweh's, would be his helper was fulfilled in the taking of Jericho, the walls of which were thrown down in an earthquake (Josh. v. 13-xxx. vi.), while of the inhabitants only Rahab and her family were saved alive. The punishment of Achan and the treaty secured by the Gibeonites' device followed. According to Deut. xxvii., after the capture of Ai