RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Jovinian Jubilee
of his chair till 1865. Meanwhile he had reiterated his objectionable views in a second edition of the Epistles (2 vols., 1859) and confirmed the suspicions of his heresy by his essay On the Interpretation of Scripture, published in 1860 in the famous Essays and Reviews. A prosecution begun against him in the vice-chancellor's court at Oxford, Feb. 20, 1863, was soon dropped (see Essays and Reviews). Henceforth Jowett refrained from publishing anything of a theological nature. Though he preached frequently in the college chapel and in the university pulpit, and preached annually in Westminster Abbey from 1866 till the year of his death, he would not allow any of his sermons to be printed; nor would he permit a third edition of the Epistles to be issued during his lifetime (published after his death, condensed by Lewis Campbell, 2 vols., 1894). He was waiting to attain to greater clearness and certainty, hoping that these would come with time; but the exhausting labors which he took upon himself as master of Balliol after 1870, and as vice-chancellor of the university 1882-86, left him no leisure for elaborating his views.
Jowett was an indefatigable worker. For years he made it a rule to see every undergraduate in the college once a week. He spared himself no efforts in tuition. Even as master of Balliol he continued the custom, begun in 1848, of taking a few pupils with him on the summer vacation. After 1866 his authority at Oxford was predominant in matters of university organization. He effected many needed reforms at Oxford, and exerted a large influence over the life and thought of his time. If he formed no school of philosophy or theology, by launching T. H. Green upon the study of Hegel he affected indirectly the whole development of recent speculation in England and America. As early as 1839 he had joined Stanley and Tait in the movement for university reform which led to the Commission of 1850 and the Act of 1854. He also took part in the educational reform which threw open the Indian civil service to competition and was a member of Lord Macaulay's committee, which reported in 1854. He was largely responsible for the University Tests Act of 1871, abolishing the theological test, which had been required for the various degrees, and for college and university offices.
The literary achievement that made Jowett famous was his translation of Plato's Dialogues (4 vols., London, 1871; 2d ed., 5 vols., 1875), which has become an English classic, and, with the introductory essay to the several dialogues, secures Jowett a permanent place in the history of English literature. He also translated Thucydides (2 vols., 1881), and Aristotle's Politics (2 vols., 1885), and spent many years on an edition of the Greek text of the " Republic " (completed by L. Campbell, 3 vols., Oxford, 1894). Though his work in theology was important, it was rather of a transitional nature. Three volumes of his sermons have been edited by W H. Fremantle, viz., College Sermons (London, 1895), Sermons, Biographical and Miscellaneous (1899), and Sermons on Faith and Doctrine (1901). Evelyn Abbott and Lewis Campbell have edited his Letters (1899), and the latter a vol- VI.— 16
ume of Theological Essays (1906). The famous essay of Essays and Reviews, with the Dissertations from The Epistles of St. Paul and a sketch of Jowett's life by Sir Leslie Stephen from the National Review, 1897, is reprinted in The Interpretation of Scripture and Other Essays (1906) and also in Scripture and Truth, Dissertations, ed. Lewis Campbell (1907). Note also Select Passages from the Theological Writings of B. Jowett, ed. L. Campbell (1909).
Bibliography: E. Abbott and L. Campbell, Benjamin Jowett: Life and Letters of the Master of Balliol College Oxford, 3 vols., London, 1897-99; L. A. Tollemache, Benjamin Jowett, Master of Balliol College, ib. 1895; DNB, Supplement, iii. 49-56.
JOWETT, JOHN HENRY: English Congregationalist; b. at Halifax, Yorkshire, Aug. 25, 1864. He was educated in Hipperholme grammar-school and in the universities of Edinburgh (1883-87) and Oxford (1888-89). His first ministerial charge was as minister of St. James' Congregational Church in Newcastle-on-Tyne, where he was settled from 1889 till 1895, when he was called to succeed Robert William Dale (q.v.) as minister of Carr's Lane Congregational Church in Birmingham, and has ever since ministered to that people. In the summer of 1909 he visited the United States and was a prominent speaker in the Northfield Conference. His publications embrace: From Strength to Strength (London, 1898); Meditations for Quiet Moments (1899); Brooks by the Traveller's Way: 26 Week-night Addresses (1902); Thirsting for Souls: 26 Week-night Meditations (1902); Yet Another Day: a Prayer for Every Day in the Year (1904); The Passion for Souls (1905); The Epistles of Peter (1905); The Silver Lining (1907) ; The High Calling: Meditations on St. Paul's Letter to the Philippians (1909).
JUAN DE TORQUEMADA See Toequemada, Juan de.
JUBILEE, YEAR OF: An institution of the Roman Catholic Church the origin of which is very closely connected with the tendency increasingly prevalent throughout the Middle Ages to make pilgrimages to the tombs of the apostles in Rome. Toward the end of the thirteenth century this tendency was stronger than ever, and the throng of pilgrims was increased by the rumor that on the first day of the new century a plenary indulgence might be obtained, and throughout the remainder of that year one valid for a hundred years. It was found impossible to trace the rumor to any authoritative source; but an aged peasant professed to remember that his father had gone to Rome a hundred years before to win a great indulgence, and had admonished him to look, if he were alive, for the recurrence of the opportunity a century later. Finally, Feb. 22, 1300, by the bull Antiquorum habet fidem, Boniface VIII. officially proclaimed a plenary indulgence that might be gained from Christmas throughout the next year, on condition of visits paid during thirty days by Romans, fifteen by strangers, to the basilicas of Saints Peter and Paul. Such indulgences had never previously been granted for more than seven years, and this liberal extension caused immense crowds to throng to Rome. If there had been no other cause for
Jubilee, Year of Judas of Galilee