RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Jubilee, Year of Judas of Galilee
chism (1534) in German and a Latin catechism (1538). He translated the " Imitation of Christ," Augustine's De spiritu et littera, and works of contemporaneous authors. (Emil EGLif.)
Bibliography: A Vita was written by his son Johannes, printed in Miscellanea Tigurina, Zurich, 1724; the later life is by C. Pestalozzi, Elberfeld, 1860. Consult also: KL, vi. 1911-14; J. J. Mezger, Geschichte der deutschen Uebersetzungen, pp. 67 sqq., Basel, 1876; S. M. Jackson, Huldreich Zwingli, New York; 1903.
JUDAH (Hebr. Yehudhah; LXX, Ioudas, "praise," originally combined with the name of a deity, later a very common name among the Jews) : Fourth son of Jacob and Leah, coming, however, to occupy the place of the first-born; also the leading tribe of the Hebrews, tracing descent from him. His character, in the combined narratives of J and E, while not without its faults, is on the whole noble, energetic and trustworthy, in spite of Gen. xxxviii., which is regarded as Ephraimitic in origin and consequently written with a bias. Later writers incline to the view that the name is not that of an individual but of a clan, and explain the Hirah of xxxviii. 1 as also that of a clan, extending the same notion to the names Er, Onan, Shelah, Pharez, and Zarah. But the narratives suggest rather the traits of an individual from whom the tribe inherited its energy and faithful adherence to law. Jacob's blessing (Gen. xlix. 8-12) transfers the birthright of Reuben to Judah, passing over Simeon and Levi, and describes the lionhearted tribe of the future in its land of wine and milk. In Egypt the tribe became the largest in numbers, including three principal clans and two lesser clans (Num. xxvi. 20-21; cf. I Chron. iv. 1), while in Caleb (q.v.) there is seen a non-Israelitic tribe which coalesced with Judah. The genealogy in I Chron. ii. 3 sqq., is given with especial reference to the descent of David through Nahshon (verse 10, cf. Num. i. 7). The two censuses in the wandering give respectively 74,600 and 76,500 men (Num. i. 27, xxvi. 22), and the arrangement of the camp gives the primacy to Judah (Num. ii. 3), which the energetic Caleb led (Num. xiii. 6). After Joshua's death, the tribe took the leadership in the conflict with the Canaanites (Judges i., cf. xx. 18), though confining its operations to its own territory and that of Simeon, in the south.
The tribal possessions, described in Josh. xv. 1- 12, were divided into four parts: the mountains of Judah, the eastern declivity down to the Dead Sea, the southern slope toward Edom, and the plain toward the Mediterranean, which last, however, remained in the hand of the Philistines (see Judea). During the period of the Judges, the tribe took little part in the conflicts of its northern neighbors (Judges iii. 9, xii. 8, cf. x. 9, xv. 9 sqq.). It had no share in the campaign against Sisera or in Gideon's struggle with Midian; in the former case because it was politically isolated from the Joseph tribes, though not to the extent asserted by Stade. Even in Saul's time it was not prominent in the army (I Sam. xi. 8, xv. 4), but with the accession of David its eminence began (II Sam. ii. 4). The capture of Jerusalem gave it increased prestige through its possession of a center of strength. Its fidelity was constant, and even in the return the
greater number of the returning exiles belonged to this tribe. Its greatest honor, however, consisted in its giving to the world the Messiah who, as the "lion of the tribe of Juda" (Rev. v. 5), overcame the world and established an eternal kingdom.
For the history of the kingdom of Judah, see Israel, History of. (C. von Orelli.)
Bibliography: In addition to the literature given under Ahab; Israel, History of; and Judea, consult: L. B. Paton, Early History of Syria and Palestine, New York, 1901; G. A. Barton, Semitic Origins, pp. 271-286, ib. 1902; DB, ii. 792-794; EB, ii. 2617-2623; JE, vii. 326-330.
JUDAS, ju'das: One of the twelve Apostles. The name occurs in the New Testament only in the lists of the Apostles, yet, including the matter of the reading of the text, it raises several knotty problems. This Judas is to be distinguished from Judas Iscariot on the basis of John xiv. 22; and from Jude (Judas, Juda), the brother of our Lord (Matt. xiii. 55; Mark vi. 3), on the basis of Luke vi. 16 and Acts i. 13 (" the brother [better, the son] of James "). The chief difficulty is raised by the fact that in two of the lists of Apostles the name of this Judas is omitted and apparently in its place is found either " Lebbeus, whose surname was Thaddeus " (Matt. x. 3 A. V., a conflate reading, cf. R. V., which, following the leading textual critics, omits " Lebbeus, whose surname was "), or " Thaddeus " (Mark iii. 18). Accordingly most scholars accept the identification of this Judas with Lebbeus and Thaddeus, though some have supposed that James had died and that his place was taken by Lebbeus-Thaddeus. Of the career of Judas nothing is known except that he asked the question recorded in John xiv. 22. Yet a considerable mass of legend grew up (cf. Acta Thaddaei; see Apocrypha, B, II., 12) in connection with his mission (as Thaddeus) to Abgar (q.v.), in which confusion is apparent as to his relation to Jesus or perhaps as to his identity. Eusebius (Hist, eccl., I., xii., NPNF, 1 ser., i. 99) makes him one of the Seventy (not of the Twelve), while Jerome (on Matt. x. 4, MPL, xxvi. 61) calls him an apostle. The later accounts professing to tell the story of his life and work have no historical value.
Geo. W. Gilmore.
JUDAS: A chronograp her mentioned by Eusebius (Hist, eccl, vi. 7, NPNF, 2 ser., i. 254). In this passage Eusebius speaks of a certain Judas, otherwise unknown, who, in a tract on the " Seventy Weeks of Daniel," put forth some chronological reckonings on the basis of Daniel's prophecies, coming down to the tenth year of Septimius Severus (202), and predicting the speedy return of the Lord. Closer identification of the author is impossible.
G. Kruger.
Bibliography: A. Schlatter, in TU, xii. 1 (1894); K. Erbes, in TLZ, 1895, pp. 415-418.
JUDAS OF GALILEE: The leader of a Jewish insurrection against the Romans, mentioned in Acts v. 37. According to Josephus (Ant., XVIIL, i 6; War, II., viii. 1; cf. Ant., XX., v. 2; War, II., xvii. 8), when the taxing of the Jewish people in the governorship of Quirinius (q.v.) under Augustus aroused strong opposition, a certain Judas, born in Gamala but generally called " the Galilean,"
Judas Iscariot Jude, Epistle of