THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
as a Levitical city, of importance during the Davidic and Maccabean wars, and is located by Clermont-Ganneau four miles west of Amwas at Tell al-Jezar.
4. The Judean Territory of Ephraim : The most northern part of Judea as already defined took in a part of the territory of Ephraim, the rest of which was reckoned to Samaria. There is no list of the places in this region, but of many cities there is incidental mention. Josephus mentions Phasaelis, a town in the Jordan valley built by Herod in honor of his brother Phasael, the name of which survives in that of the village Fazail, south of the hill Karn Sartaba. The fortress Alexandrium crowned the summit of this hill and was of importance in the war of Pompey. Akrabatta is mentioned by Josephus (War, III., iii. 5) and in the Onomasticon: it is the modern Akraba. Janoah of Josh. xvi. 6 corresponds to the present Janun, north of Akraba. Borkaios, mentioned by Josephus (War, III., iii. 5) as on the boundary between Judea and Galilee, is possibly the heap of ruins at Barkit, in Wadi Ishar. To the southwest of this is al-Lubban, corresponding to the Lebonah of Judges xxi. 19. Farther southeast is Sailun, which points to the old sanctuary of Shiloh, apparently destroyed in the Philistine war, since the descendants of Eli (II Sam. xxi.) went to Nob; yet the priestly document regards Shiloh as the place of the Tabernacle. The Onomasticon locates Shiloh ten Roman miles from Neapolis: it was north of Bethel and east of the road to Shechem. To the west of the road and southwest from al-Lubban lies Jiljilya, recalling another of the places called in the history Gilgal. Farther to the south lies Ain Sinya, the Jeshanah of II Chron. xiii. 19, and near by is Jifna, which suggests the Gophna of Josephus, War, I., xi. 2. To the northwest is the heap of ruins called Tibna, perhaps the Thamnatha of I Mace. ix. 50, known also from the Onomasticon, which locates there the tomb of Joshua (the Timnath-heres of Judges ii. 9). Not far to the north of this is Rima, possibly the Ramah of I Sam. xvi. 13, the Ramathaim of I Sam. i. 1, the Ramathem of I Mace. xi. 34, and the Arimathea of Mark xv. 43. But the Onomasticon locates it toward the modern Rentis (6 m. w. of Tibnah). The two Beth-horons of the Old Testament (Josh. xvi. 3, 5) are located farther to the south at Bait Ur al-Fuka and Bait Ur al-Tahta. The upper Beth-horon, by reason of its commanding the road from Jerusalem to Csesarea and the coast, was of high importance in all periods and is mentioned prominently in the accounts of the wars from the time of Joshua to the Roman period. At al-Midya, on the plain northwest of Beth-horon, is ordinarily located the home of the Maccabees, the Modin of I Mace. ii. 1, xiii. 25, with its seven pyramids to the memory of the members of that family.
5. Cities on the Western Plain : There were other places in the plain west of the highland which in later times were reckoned to Judah, but do not appear in the lists of places given in Joshua. Indeed, the assignment of the places named in the Joshua lists is not entirely concordant with that of other passages. Doubtless the possession of these places
on the plain was often contested with the Philistines. So was it with Gimzo (II Chron. xxviii. 18) , the modern Jimzu north of Gezer. The Hadid of Ezra ii. 33 may be the Aditha of the Onomasticon, east of Diospolis, the present al-Hadithe, and perhaps the Adida of I Mace. xii. 38. Lod, mentioned with Hadid in the Ezra passage, is the Greek Lydda, is often assigned in the Old Testament to the Benjamites, was ceded with its outlying region to Jonathan the Maccabee by Demetrius (I Mace. xi. 34), and was an object of strife between the Jews and the Romans. It is mentioned in Acts ix. 32 sqq., and after the destruction of Jerusalem became the residence of Jewish scholars, for example, of Rabbi Eliezer. In the third century it took the name of Diospolis and became thereafter the seat of a bishopric. The legend of St. George was localized here. The present Ludd is a town inhabited by Mohammedans and Greeks, not far from the road from Jerusalem to Jaffa. Ono, also mentioned in the Ezra passage, may be the modern Kafr Ana, five and a half miles northwest of Ludd. On the northern boundary of the later Judea lay Antipatris, a city built and named by Herod in honor of his father: it is mentioned Acts xxiii. 31. The pilgrim of Bordeaux locates it ten Roman miles north of Lydda, the Onomasticon six miles south of Galgulis, the modern Jiljuliya in the plain northeast of Jaffa. A passage in Josephus would suggest Kalat Ras al-Ain as the site. Ten miles north of this is Kafr Saba, recalling the Chaberzaba of Josephus (Ant. XIII., xv. 1).
6. The Eleven Toparchies of Judea According to Josephus: In War, III., iii. 5 Josephus names as the first district of Judea Jerusalem with its vicinity. The others are (2) Gophna, (3) Akrabatta, (4) Thamna, (5) Lydda, (6) Emmaus, (7) Pella, (8) Idumea, (9) Engedi, (10) Herodium, and (11) Jericho. Pliny (Hist, naturalis, V., xiv. 70) names ten, including 2-6 and 10-11 above, and gives in addition to these Jopica (Jaffa), Betholethephene, and Orine. The last includes the district of the capital. Josephus mentions a Betholethepha (War, IV., viii. 1), which is probably the present Bait Nattif west of Bethlehem on the edge of the highland and the Netophah of Ezra ii. 22 and other Old- Testament passages. Therefore Pella above seems to be replaced by Betholethepha. Pliny was in error in assigning the region of Joppa to Judea, since it was independent. For the coast region which abutted on Judean territory see Philistines; and Phenicia, Phbnicians. (H. Guthe.)
Bibliography: Literature on the history is giver^ under Ahab; Israel, History of; to whiqh add: H. Koster?. Het Herstel van Israel, Ley den, 1893; H. Willrich, Juden und Griechen vor der makkabaischen Erhebung, Gbttingen, 1895; E. Meyer, Die Entstehung des Judentums. Halle, 1896. For the geography much of the literature given under Jerusalem is available. Of peculiar value are the works of Rohricht, Tobler, G. A. Smith, E. Robinson, W M. Thomson, and Reland, as well as the publications of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, described in vol. i., p. 13 of this work, and the publications of the Societe de l'orient Latin, ed. T. Tobler and A. Molinier, Geneva, 1877-80. The following publications of the PEF are of importance: The Survey of Western Palestine; Memoirs, vols, ii.-iii., 1882-83; Thirty Years' Work. 1895; C. Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches, 1896-99; "• Armstrong, Names and Places in the Old and New Testa-