THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
year there were 1,144 baptized converts in Burma. After an absence of more than thirty years, he returned, in 1845, for a visit to his native land. On the voyage his second wife (Sarah Later Hall Boardman) died (Sept. 1) at St. Work. Helena. She was the widow of the mis- Visit to sionary, Dr. Boardman, and was mar- America, ried to Judson in 1834. Judson 's arrival in the United States was the signal for an enthusiastic outburst of admiration for the missionary, and interest in the cause he represented. Everywhere crowded assemblies gathered to see and hear him. He, however, shunned the public gaze, and was diffident as a speaker. In 1823 Brown University had honored him with the degree of D.D. On July 11, 1846, he again set sail for Burma, having married, a few days before, Miss Emily Chubbuck of Eaton, N. Y., who was already well known under the name of " Fanny Forester." He arrived safely at Rangoon, and spent much of the remaining period of his life in revising his English-Burmese dictionary (ed. E. A. Stevens, Maulmain, 1852). His health, however, was shattered; and he died while on a voyage to the Isle of Bourbon. His body was buried in the ocean.
Judson was a man of medium height and slender person. He was endowed with strong intellectual powers, and sought in his Christian life, by the perusal of the works of Mme. Guyon and others, a fervent type of piety. His confidence in the success of missionary effort never wavered. Being asked, on his visit to America, whether the prospects were bright for the conversion of the world, he immediately replied, " As bright, Sir, as the promises of God." Adoniram Judson's name will always have a place in the very first rank of American missionaries to heathen lands. He belongs to the first band of those missionaries, and his heroism, wise judgment, and diligent labor have not been excelled if equaled by any who have followed him. D. S. Schaff.
Bibliography: Biographies of Adoniram Judson have been witten by F. Wayland, 2 vols., Boston, 1853; H. Bonar, London, 1871; and E. Judson (his son), New York, 1883. The lives of his three wives were written by W. Wyeth, 3 vols., New York, 1892; A. W. Stuart, Auburn, 1851; A. W. Wilson, New York, 1853; and by C. B. Hartley, ib. n. d.
JUDSON, EDWARD: Baptist; b. at Maulmain (95 m. s.e. of Rangoon), Burma, Dec. 27, 1844. He was brought to the United States while still an infant, and was educated at Madison (now Colgate) University and Brown University (A.B., 1865), after which he was principal of the academy at Townshend, Vt., for two years (1865-67). He was then professor of Latin in Madison University from 1867-74, and, after a year of travel and study in Europe in 1874-75, accepted a call to the pastorate of the Baptist church at Orange, N. J., where he remained until 1881. In the latter year he became pastor of the Berean Baptist Church, New York City, where he engaged actively in educational and philanthropic work among the poorer classes. The church becoming too small for the congregation which he gathered, he raised funds for the erection of the Judson Memorial Church, New York City, which is one of the leading " institutional " churches of the city. He has' since
been pastor of this church, which is named in honor of his father, Adoniram Judson (q.v.). He was president of the American Baptist Missionary Union in 1885-87 and has been a trustee of Brown University, Vassar College, and Colgate University. He has written: Life of Adoniram Judson (New York, 1883); and The Institutional Church: Primer in Pastoral Theology (1899).
JUELICHER, yu'liH-er, GUSTAV ADOLF: German Protestant; b. at Falkenberg (a suburb of Berlin) Jan. 26, 1857. He was educated at the University of Berlin (Ph.D., 1880), and was chaplain of the orphan asylum at Rummelsberg, a suburb of Berlin, from 1882 to 1888. In 1887' he became privat-docent at the university of the same city for New-Testament history and church history, and in the following year was appointed associate professor of the same subjects at Marburg, where he has been full professor since 1889. He is a member of the committee on Church Fathers of the Royal Prussian Academy of Berlin and in this capacity is engaged in the preparation of a Prosopographia imperii Romani from the reign of Diocletian to Justinian. In theology his position is that of a rigid limitation to strict historical investigation. He has written: Die Gleichnisreden Jesu (2 vols., Freiburg, 1888-99), Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1894; Eng. transl., Introduction to the New Testament, London, 1904); and Paulus und Jesus (Tubingen, 1907).
JULIAN: The Emperor Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus), frequently known as " the Apostate," was born at Constantinople in 331, some time after June 26, the son of Julius Constantius, a younger stepbrother of Constantine the Great, by Basilina, his second wife; d. in Persia June 26,
363. Among the authorities for his
Authorities life and policy, his own works take the
for his first place, although their history is
Life. obscure and their text defective.
They include eight orations; a long treatise addressed to Themistius and another to the Athenians; the " Symposium "; the " Beardhater " (Gk. Misopogon) ; more than eighty letters, some decrees, and some fragments contained almost wholly in Cyril's ten books against Julian. In the " Symposium " (also called Kaisares) he criticizes his predecessors in the empire, assembled at a feast on Olympus, chastises their vices, and ends with a panegyric of Marcus Aurelius. The " Beard-hater " is a satirical treatise written at Antioch in the beginning of 363, containing a witty characterization of himself and of the Christian population of Antioch. The letters, of which a few are spurious or doubtful, were almost all written during his reign, and are the best source for his philosophic and political standpoint. Unfortunately the work " Against the Christians," with the composition of which he was busy in the last months of his life, is only partially extant.
Next in importance come the pagan historians, especially Ammianus Marcellimis, Eutropius, and Zosimus. The first-named is the main authority for the external events of Julian's reign; he was a writer of great impartiality, and, like Eutropius, a