RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Judges Judson
be public — the grounds of it open and evident to all; whether sins of the saints will be disclosed may be left in question, (d) The decision will be based on the deeds done in the body; probation has ended at death, (e) The law of judgment will be the will of God as it has been severally revealed to all men: to those under the written law, by that law; to those without that law, by the law in their hearts; to those under the Christian revelation, by what they have known of it. (f) It will be final and thus fix the changeless state of all — the good in felicity, the wicked in wo. (g) The hour when this is to occur is unknown, but is purposely retained within the secret counsel of God. A modification of this view, while conceiving of the parousia of Christ as a spiritual process and the resurrection as the rising of each man to life after death, holds that there is no other judgment than that which occurs at death. (2) The other idea of judgment presents it as a process which endures as long as law and moral being endure. It involves experience of good and evil results of choice, and the revelation of the nature of these within the moral consciousness. The conscience is the seat of this solemn process. By means of it all that opposes the will of God is gradually disclosed, condemned, and separated from the good, so that the good progressively triumphs. The results of this process of judging abide in the blessed or baleful conditions and character of personal and social life.
C. A. Beckwith. Bibliography: For the idea in the Bible the reader will consult works on Biblical theology, such as those by Schultz and Beyschlag (see Biblical Theology); for the theological content, the appropriate sections of treatises on systematic theology such as the works by Hodge, Shedd, and others (see Dogma, Dogmatics); also the literature under Eschatology. Special treatment is given by: J. B. Mozley, University Sermons, pp. 72-96, London, 1883; T. T. Munger, The Freedom of Faith, pp. 337-356, Edinburgh, 1884; J. M. Whiton, Beyond the Shadow, pp. 141-192, ib. 1885; W. N. Clarke, Outline of Christian Theology, pp. 459-466, New York, 1898; C. A. Beckwith, Realities of Christian Theology, pp. 361-366, Boston, 1906. Consult also A. Jukes, The Second Death and Restitution of All Things, London, 1878.
JUDITH. See Apocrypha, A, IV., 8.
JUDSON, ADONIRAM: The Apostle of Burma and one of the first and most devoted of the foreign missionaries of the American churches; b. at Maiden, Mass., Aug. 9, 1788; d. on board of a vessel off the coast of Burma Apr. 12, 1850. He graduated first in his class at Brown University in 1807. After teaching school for a year at Plymouth, he entered Andover Seminary in the autumn of 1808, although " not a professor of religion, or a candidate for the ministry, but as a person deeply in earnest on the subject, and desirous Early of arriving at the truth " (Wayland). Life and The following May he made a profes- Work. sion of his faith in the Third Congregational Church at Plymouth, of which his father was then pastor. His attention was first drawn to the subject of missionary effort in heathen lands by the perusal, in 1809, of Buchanan's Star m the East; and in Feb., 1810, he devoted himself to that work. About this time he entered into intimate relations with that illustrious band of young VI.-17
men— Mills, Nott, Newell, and Richards, and joined the first three in submitting a statement to the General Association of Ministers at Bradford, Mass., which led to the organization of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. In Jan.,
1811, he was sent to England, by the American Board, to promote measures of affiliation and cooperation between it and the London Missionary Society. He returned unsuccessful in the immediate design of his journey, but was appointed, with Nott, Newell, Hall, and Rice, a missionary to India. He was ordained, with these four men, on Feb. 6,
1812, at Salem, Mass. Judson sailed on the 19th, from New York, with Mrs. Judson and Mr. and Mrs. Newell, for Calcutta, where he arrived June 17. On the voyage his views on the mode of baptism underwent a change; and, after his arrival in India, he and Mrs. Judson were baptized by immersion in the Baptist Church of Calcutta. In consequence of this change of views, he passed under the care of the American Baptist Missionary Union at its formation in 1814. The East India Company forbade his prosecution of missionary labors in India; and, after various vicissitudes, he landed in July, 1813, at Rangoon, Burma, taking up his residence at the Mission House of Felix Carey. Judson devoted himself to the acquisition of the language, in which he afterward became a proficient scholar. After six years of labor, the first convert, Moung Nau, was baptized at Rangoon, June 27, 1819. He was the first Burman accession to the Church of Christ. From 1824 to 1826, during the war of England with Burma, Judson suffered almost incredible hardships. He was imprisoned for seventeen months in the jails of Ava and Oung-pen-la, being bound during nine months of this period, with three, and during two months with no less than five, pairs of fetters. His sufferings from fever, excruciating heat, hunger, repeated disappointments, and the cruelty of his keepers, form one of the most thrilling narratives in the annals of modern missionary trial.
Mrs. Ann Hasseltine Judson suffered no less than her husband, though she was not subjected to imprisonment. Her heroic efforts to relieve the sufferings of the English prisoners re- Mrs, ceived the tributes of warmest grati- Judson. tude and praise at the time. She was born in Bradford, Mass., Dec. 22, 1789, and had been married on Feb. 5, 1812. She entered with great enthusiasm into missionary effort, and established a school at Rangoon for girls. In 1821 she paid a visit to America. Her health was never robust; but she combined with strong intellectual powers a remarkable heroism and fortitude. During the imprisonment of her husband she was unremitting in her self-sacrifice, and walked fearless and respected from palace to prison among the excited Burman population. She died Oct. 24, 1826. Hers is one of the immortal names in missionary biography.
In 1826 Judson transferred the headquarters of his mission to Amherst, in Tenasserim, Lower Burma; and in 1830 he began preaching to the Karens. In 1835 he completed the revision of the Old Testament in the Burmese language, and in 1837 that of the New Testament. In the latter
Judson Julian