THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
portant was his nephew Nikolaos (d. 1371). Of his life the only details known are that he was originally bursar at Constantinople and sided with the Palaeologi, but afterward became a friend of John Cantacuzenus, who used him on political missions. In the Hesychastic controversy (see Hesychasts) he sided with the monks of Athos, and was later appointed metropolitan of Thessalonica. Nikolaos is known as a philosopher, but more especially as a theologian. Among his philosophical writings special mention may be made of one directed against skepticism (ed. Elter and Radermacher in Analecta Graeca, Bonn, 1899.) The most important of his theological writings was his " Seven Books concerning the Life in Christ " (ed. W. Gass, Greifswald, 1849). The line of thought is briefly this. True to the development of Greek theology, Kabasilas regards the summum bonum as exaltation above the sensual, the introduction into life and immortality, as given through Christ. Man is to be transplanted from the present world to the future. This transfer is made by Christ himself. The life in Christ which transfers man to the other world is perfected through the sacraments and the human will. Baptism means to man the beginning of a new existence. The second sacrament, that of unction, is unction of the spirit, and initiates man into the true Christian calling. The Eucharist adds the third degree of perfection, and produces an inward change, causing a mystic kinship with Christ. By the side of this physiological mysticism stands a non-monastic system of ethics. Kabasilas teaches that the will must conform unreservedly to the sacramental influences, being thereby supplied with a train of pious thoughts. Through joy and sadness it becomes purified. Finally the climax of love is reached, and with it perfect altruism. Kabasilas indulges in lofty expressions when he describes the power of love, declaring that as once it had caused God to descend to man, so now it breaks the bonds of selfish isolation and constrains man to live for God, and not for self. This power of love rises to complete selfrenunciation and self-forgetfulness, and this is the state of him in whom sacrament and will work together in perfect harmony. Philipp Meyer.
Bibliography: The Works are in MPG, cl. Consult: Fabricius-Harles, Bibliotheca Graeca, x. 20-30; Demetrakopulos, Graecia orthodoxia, pp. 76 sqq., 83 sqq., Leipsic, 1872; Krumbacher, Geschichte, pp. 109-110, 158-159; W. Gass, Die Mystik des Nikolaos Kabasilas, Leipsic, 1899.
KABIR: Hindu religious leader. See India, I., 3, § 3; Sikhs, Sikhism.
KADESH. See Negeb.
KAEHLER, ke'ler, CARL MARTIN AUGUST:
German Protestant; b. at Neuhausen (7 m. n.e. of Konigsberg), Jan. 6, 1835. He studied law at Konigsberg (1853-54), and theology at Heidelberg (1854-55), Halle (1855-58), and Tubingen (1858-59); became privat-docent at Halle, 1860; associate professor of theology at Bonn, 1864; went in a similar capacity to Halle, 1867. and has been full professor of systematic theology and New- Testament exegesis in Halle since 1879. His writings include: August Tholuck, ein Lebensabriss (Halle, 1877); Julius Miiller, der hallische Dog-
matiker (1878); Neutestamentliche Schriften in genauer Wiedergabe ihres Gedankenganges darqestellt (3 vols., comprising Hebrews, Galatians, and Ephesians, 1880-94); Die Wissenschaft der christlichen Lehre (3 parts, Erlangen, 1883-87); Der sogenannte historische Jesus und der geschichtliche Christus (1896); Jesus und das Alte Testament (Leipsic, 1896); Dogmatische Streilfragen (2 vols. (1898); Wiedergeboren durch die Auferstehung Jesu Christi (1901); and Die Sakramente als Gnadenmittel (1903).
KAEHLER, LUDWIG AUGUST: German Protestant; b. at Sommerfeld (44 m. s.s.e. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder), Prussia, Mar. 6, 1775; d. at Konigsberg Nov. 7, 1855. He attended the Royal School at Meissen, the Gymnasium at Gorau, and the University of Erlangen, and, after spending two and a half years as private tutor, became assistant pastor at Kanig, near Guben, in 1798. Here he found leisure to write a number of romances, some of which won even Goethe's approval. He declined a call to the office of general superintendent of Lower Lusatia, but in 1809 entered upon the diaconate at Guben. Ten years later he was called to Konigsberg as consistorial counselor, professor of theology, and superintendent of the Lobenicht parish. He took an important part in the direction of the provincial Church, and after Borowski's death officiated four years as acting general superintendent. In 1841 he resigned all his offices on account of a paralytic stroke. Kah- Ier was one of the chief representatives of a rationalistic-idealistic school, which, like that of Schleiermacher, rejected both supernaturalism and the older rationalism of the Enlightenment. He was largely under the influence of the philosophy of Kant and Jacobi. His principal works are; Geschichte von Cottbus, wdhrend der Jahre 1813-14 (Cottbus, 1814); Supernaturalismus und Rationalismus in ihrem gemeinschaftlichen Ursprunge, ihrer Zwietracht und hohern Einheit (Leipsic, 1818); Philagathos: Andeutungen iiber das Reich des Giden (Konigsberg, 1823); the unfinished Christliche Sittenlehre (1st section of part 1, 1833); and TT/ssenschaftlicher Abriss der christlichen Sittenlehre (2 parts, 1835-37). Hermann Hering.
Bibliography: S. A. Kahler, Ludwig August Kahler, . MUtheilungen uber sein Leben und seine Schriften, Konigsberg, 1856 (by his son).
KAFTAN, kaftan, JULIUS WILHELM MAR- TIN: German Protestant; b. at Loit (a village near Apenrade, 35 m. n. of Schleswig), Schleswig- Holstein, Sept. 30, 1848. He was educated at the universities of Erlangen, Berlin, and Kiel from 1866 to 1871, and in 1873 was appointed associate professor of systematic theology at Basel, where he was promoted to a full professorship in the same subject in 1881. Since 1883 he has been professor of apologetics and the philosophy of religion at Berlin. He has written Sollen und Sein in ihrem Verhaltnis zu einander (Leipsic, 1872); Die Predigt des Evangeliums im modernen Geistesleben (Basel, 1879); Das Evangelium des Apostels Paidus in Predigten der Gemeinde dargelegt (1879); Da* Wesen der christlichen Religion (1881); Das Leben in Chnstq