THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
boyna, Malay Archipelago, 1833. He early desired to be a missionary, but yielded to his father's wishes and became a business man. At the age of forty he resigned his position as court messenger at Amsterdam, and entered the missionary seminary at Berkel, where his elder brother was educating candidates for the Netherlands Missionary Society. The Indian colonies being at that time in the hands of the English, he entered the service of the London Missionary Society, in whose seminary at Gosport he spent a year. In 1813 he was sent to the Moluccas. The heathen population there had been forcibly Romanized by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century, and in like manner transferred to the Reformed Church by the Dutch at the beginning of the seventeenth century. When Kam appeared on the scene, everything was in a sad state of decline. At rare intervals a preacher would make a hasty visit to the islands to baptize children by throngs, and to solemnize marriages. Kam took up his abode on Amboyna, where in 1817 he was appointed government preacher. He now developed a wonderful activity in reviving the defunct Christian congregations. The twenty thousand or more baptized members were organized under his charge, into eighty congregations, the remotest of them being 300 miles away. For his journeys he had a vessel built, which he himself commanded as captain. Thanks to his exertions seventeen missionaries were sent out during the years 1819-32, including Schwarz and Riedel, who became distinguished for their success in Celebes. Honored as " apostle of the Moluccas," Kam labored on indefatigably till his end.
R. Grundemann.
Bibliography: L. J. van Rhijn, Reis door den indischen Archipel, pp. 443 sqq., Rotterdam, 1851; E. F. Kruijf, Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, Groningen, 1894; P. Wurm, in Allgemeine Missions- Zeitschrift, 1897, pp. 365 sqq.
KAMMIN, kam'min, BISHOPRIC OF: A bishopric named from the town of Kammin (Cammin) in Pomerania, near the Baltic (38 m. n.n.e. of Stettin). Among the companions of Otto of Bamberg (q.v.) in his missionary work in Pomerania was a priest named Adalbert, who, when Otto's plan for the erection of a bishopric at Julin, the present Wollin, was carried out, became its first bishop. At Adalbert's request, Innocent II. took it in 1140 under papal protection, and assigned to its jurisdiction, besides the town of Wollin, ten other castra. Nothing was said about its inclusion in any ecclesiastical province, though in 1160 the imperial pope, Victor IV., placed it under Magdeburg. A little later Wollin was destroyed in the war between the Danes and Saxons, and the see was consequently transferred to Kammin in 1175, apparently once more as an exempt bishopric. This status it managed to retain, except between 1216 and 1244, when it was again subject to Magdeburg. Three attempts were made in the fourteenth century to assert over it the metropolitan rights of Gnesen, but the Curia decided against them in 1371. The Reformation found the diocese in a state which facilitated its introduction. Its spread began from the Premonstratensian monastery of
Belbuck, of which Bugenhagen was an inmate. The Dukes Bogislas X. and George were hostile to it- Barnim, however, forwarded it, and after the death of the last Roman Catholic Bishop Erasmus von Manteufel (1544) a Protestant was appointed in his place, and the estates of the bishopric and the monasteries secularized.
Bibliography: K. F. W. Hasselbach, J. G. L. Kosegarten and F. von Medeni, Codex diplomaticus Pomeraniae, vol. i., Greifswald, 1843; L. Giesebrecht, Wendische Geschichten, 3 vols., Berlin, 1843; Pommersch.es Urkundenbuch, ed. R. Klempin and R. Prumers, 3 vols., Stettin, 1868-91.
KAMPHAUSEN, kamp-hau'zen, ADOLF HER- MANN HEINRICH: German Protestant; b. at Solingen (18 m. n.n.e. of Cologne) Sept. 10, 1829; d. at Bonn Aug. 13, 1909. He studied at the University of Bonn (Ph.D., 1855), where he was privat-docent for a few months before he went to Heidelberg as private secretary of C. K. J. Bunsen. Still in the service of Bunsen, he was privat-docent at the University of Heidelberg from 1856 to 1859, when he returned with his employer to Bonn; there he was associate professor of Old-Testament exegesis 1863-68, full professor 1868-1901. From 1871 to 1890 he was a member of the committee for the revision of Luther's translation of the Old Testament. He regarded Christ as the hodily son of Joseph and Mary, and held that the Resurrection was an objective or real vision. He contributed the translation of the Books of Kings, Proverbs, and II Maccabees to E. F. Kautzsch's Heilige Schrift des Alien Testaments (Freiburg, 1894), and wrote independently among other works Die Hagiographen des Alten Bundes nach den uberlieferten Grundlexten ilbersetzt und mit erklarenden Anmerkungen versehen (Leipsic, 1868); Die Chronologie der hebrdischen Konige (Bonn, 1883); Dos Buck Daniel und die neuere Geschichtsforschung (Leipsic, 1892); Book of Daniel in The Polychrome Bible (New York, 1896); and Das Verhaltnis des Menschenopfers zur israelitischen Religion (Bonn, 1896).
KANT, kant, IMMANUEL: German philosopher; b. at Kbnigsberg, Prussia, Apr. 22, 1724; d. there Feb. 12, 1804. His father, of Scotch descent, was a saddler in humble circumstances, his mother a woman of great natural force and fervent piety. His entire life with exception of a few Life and years as tutor in a country family was Works, spent in his birthplace. After graduating from the University of Konigsberg and teaching for several years, in 1755 he became privat-docent, in 1770 full professor at the university. Here his chief subjects were logic, metaphysics, physical geography, anthropology, moral philosophy, and mathematics; other subjects were natural law, encyclopedia of philosophy, natural theology, pedagogics, theoretical physics, mechanics, and mineralogy. His philosophical writings fall into two groups — the dogmatic or pre-critical, influenced by Leibnitz and Christian Wolff, until 1770; the critical, due in part to Hume's influence (1770-1804), wherein his principal works appeared, combating both the dogmatism of Leibnitz and Wolff and the empiricism of Hume. The writings of the earlier period may be passed over here, for it is upon the great sys-