THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
intelligible ideal realities, belonging to the unity of the All-Real Being, teleologically related to the highest good. (5) Philosophy culminates not in the theoretical but in the practical reason, giving rise to a rational working faith (cf. F. Paulsen, Immanuel Kant, Eng. transl., pp. 115-116, New York, 1902. The philosophy of Kant has been profoundly influential in religious thought. First, in the further working out of the dualism involved in his epistemology (neo-Kantian theology); secondly, in the transcendence of that dualism in the assertion of the ultimate unity of thought and being (idealistic theology); thirdly, in the supremacy of the practical reason as related on the one hand to theological construction and on the other to personalism as the solution of the conflict between naturalism and religion (cf. R. Otto, Naturalism and Religion (London, 1906). See Pantheism, § 5.
C. A. Beckwith. Bibliography: The literature upon Kant is enormous — cf. the list of works in J. M. Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, iii. 1, pp. 286-320, New York, 1905. On the life the best single book is F. Paulsen, Immanuel Kant, sein Leben und seine Lehre, Stuttgart, 1898, Eng. transl., Immanuel Kant, his Life and Doctrine, New York, 1902; L. E. Borowski, Darstellung des Lebens und Charakter Kants, Konigsberg, 1804 (revised by Kant himself); H. Schmidt, Immanuel Kant's Leben, Halle, 1858; K. Fischer, Kants Leben und die Grundlagen seiner Lehre, Mannheim, 1860; J. H. W. Stuckenberg, Life of Immanuel Kant, London, 1882; M. Kronenberg, Kant, sein Leben und seine Lehre, Munich, 1891.
On his philosophy consult: J. Barni, Philosophic de Kant, Paris, 1851; M. B. W. Bolton, Kant and Hamilton, London, 1866; K. Fischer, Commentary on Kant's " Critick of the Pure Reason," ib. 1866; C. Diiwell, Kant's Religionsphilosophie, Fiirstenwalde, 1872; J. Kaftan, Die religionsphilosophische Anschauung Kants, Basel, 1874; F. Paulsen, Versuch einer Entwickelungsgeschichte der kantischen Erkenntnisstheorie, Leipsic, 1875; E. Caird, The Philosophy of Kant Explained and Examined, London, 1877; idem, The Critical Philosophy of Emmanuel Kant, 2 vols., Glasgow, 1889; C. Bitter, Kant und Hume, Halle, 1878; J. G. Schurman, Kantian Ethics and the Ethics of Evolution, London, 1881; J. H. Stirling, Textbook to Kant, ib. 1881; G. S. Morris, Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, Chicago, 1882; G. Thiele, Die Philosophic Immanuel Kants, 2 vols., Halle, 1882-87; W. Wallace, Kant, Oxford, 1882; J. McCosh, A Criticism of the Critical Philosophy, New York, 1884; J. P. Mahaffy, Kant's Critical Philosophy for English Readers, 2 vols., London, 1889; J. Royce, The Spirit of Modern Philosophy, Boston, 1892; T. H. Green, Works, ed. R. L. Nettleship, ii. 2-155, London, 1893; C. W. Hodge, Kantian Epistemology and Theism, Philadelphia, 1894; V. Basch, Essai . . sur Vesthetique de Kant, Paris, 1896; A. Cresson, La Morale de Kant, ib. 1897; W. M. Washington, The Formal and Material Elements of Kant's Ethics, New York, 1898; T. Ruyssen, Kant, Paris, 1900; H. S. Chamberlain, Immanuel Kant, die Personlichkeit als Einfuhrung in das Werk, Munich, 1905; G. Gerland, Immanuel Kant, seine geographischenund anthropologischen Arbeiten, Berlin, 1906; J. Guttmann, Kants Gottesbegriff in seiner positiven Entwicklung, ib., 1906; M. Apel, Kommentar zu Kants " Prolegomena," ib., 1908; O. Ewald, Kants kritischer Idealismus als Grundlagevon Erkenntnistheorie undEthik,ib., 1908; J. Watson, The Philosophy of Kant Explained, Glasgow, 1908.
KANTZ, KASPAR: Reformer of Nordlingen; b. at Nordlingen (38 m. n.n.w. of Augsburg) in the last quarter of the fifteenth century; d. there Dec. 6, 1544. Some time before 1501 he appears to have entered the monastery of the Carmelites in Nordlingen and in 1501 went to the University of Leipsic. In 1502 he became bachelor, 1505 master, 1511 biblicus, and 1515 sententiarius. He returned to his native city and became prior of the monas-
tery, but was deposed in 1518, although he was allowed to remain in the monastery. Whatever may have been the reason for his deposition, it is certain that at a very early time he advocated the ideas of the Reformation. After the church of the Carmelites had opened its doors to the Gospel there followed the church of St. George, where Billican preached from Nov., 1522. Although the city council considered public sentiment, it was averse to all decisive measures, and when Kantz openly announced from the pulpit that he had taken a wife, he was expelled from the city on June 26, 1523. From one of his sermons, printed in 1524, he appears to have been recalled. In 1530 he applied in vain for the position of " Latin schoolmaster " in Nordlingen. In the list of preachers he appears as diaconus first in 1535, but before that time he held the position of German schoolmaster. On June 21, 1535, he was placed as preacher at the head of the churches in Nordlingen in place of the wavering Billican. The first church order of Nordlingen of 1538 was his work. He also promoted catechetical instruction, which had been neglected by Billican, and succeeded in bettering the moral conditions.
Kantz was the real reformer of Nordlingen. He enriched Evangelical devotional literature by writings which bear comparison with those of the more famous men of the sixteenth century. He deserves an honorary place in the history of the Evangelical church service because he drew up and put in practise a German Evangelical mass four years before Luther's German mass, under the title, Von der Euangelischen Messz. Mit Christlichen Gebetten vor vnd nach der empfahung des Sacraments (1522). It was the first attempt to arrange a German celebration of the Lord's Supper according to Evangelical principles in close relation to the Roman formulary. Kantz also wrote an excellent book for the sick, Wie man den krancken wind Sterbenden menschen ermanen, trosten, vnnd Gott befelhen soil, das er von diser Welt, seligklich abschaide (Augsburg, 1539; Strasburg, 1556; Nuremberg, 1568, and 1580; Tubingen, 1577), which was read also by the Roman Catholics. He published also Die Historia des leydes Jesu Christi nach den vier Euagelisten. Vnd auch von der Juden Osterlam; mit trostlicher ausslegung (Augsburg, 1538; enlarged 1539; Nuremberg, 1555), a book distinguished by its religious depth, and left a catechism (Nordlingen, 1542), besides composing some hymns. (C. Geyer.)
Bibliography: C. Geyer, Kaspar Kantz, in Beitrage zur bayerischen Kirchengeschichte, ed. T. Kolde, v. 101-127, Erlangen, 1898; idem, Die Nbrdlinger evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des 16. Jahrhunderts, pp. 1-23, Munich, 1896; J. D. Haakh, in V. L. von Seckendorf, Hist. Lutheranismi, iii. 183 sqq., Leipsic, 1692; A. Steichele, Das Bistum Augsburg, iii. 954-955, 1024 sqq., Augsburg, 1872; H. Beck, Die Erbauungslitteratur der evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands, i. 168 sqq., Erlangen, 1883; idem, Die religiose Volkslitteratur der evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands, p. 40, Gotha, 1891; J. Smend, Die evangelischen deutschen Messen, passim, Gottingen, 1896.
KAPFF, SIXT KARL: German Protestant; b. at Guglingen (20 m. n.w. of Stuttgart), Wurttemberg, Oct. 22, 1805; d. in Stuttgart Sept. 1, 1879. From early childhood he was religiously disposed,