RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Kieran Kiruchi
his family and life from personal reminiscences of his niece, Giessen, 1901; P. Munch, Die Haupt- und Grundgedanken der Philosophie Soren Kierkegaards, Leipsic, 1902.
KILHAM, ALEXANDER: Founder of the Methodist New Connection, frequently called Kilhamites; b. at Epworth (21 m. n.n.w. of Lincoln), Lincolnshire, July 10, 1762; d. at Nottingham Dec. 20, 1798. He began to preach in 1783, and was received by Wesley into the regular itinerant ministry in 1785. On the death of Wesley (1791) he became an energetic leader of the faction favoring complete separation of the Methodists from the Church of England and published a number of rather violent pamphlets in support of his views. At the conference held in London in 1792 he was censured, and at the conference of 1796, also held in London, he was unanimously expelled from the conference. On Aug. 9, 1797, Kilham met three other Methodist clergymen and a number of laymen at Leeds and organized the Methodist New Connection. See Methodists, I., 3.
Bibliography: His Life (written by himself) was edited with a preface by J. Grundell, and R. Hall, Nottingham, 1799; [J. Blackwell,] Life of Rev. Alexander Kilham, London, 1838; W. J. Townsend, Alexander Kilham, the First Methodist Reformer, ib. 1890; DNB, xxxi. 102-103.
KILIAN, SAINT: Irish cleric in Germany, who, with several companions, met a martyr's death at Wurzburg in the eighth century. He is called Bishop Chilianus in a necrology of the time and in the martyrology of Rabanus is spoken of as coming from Ireland to preach the Gospel of Christ in those regions and meeting death because of his faith. There are difficulties connected with the tradition, not the least being that the Franks dwelling on the middle Main were no longer a pagan people and Kilian's labors, therefore, were not those of a missionary. Only the fact of the Celtic bishop's violent death is undoubted; the exact period of his martyrdom at the hands of a Dux or a Judge Gozbert can not be verified. Concerning the form of the name " Kilian " the following seems to be well established. The Ch of the " Chilianus " in the oldest authority is to be ascribed to the regular working of the laws of Germanic phonology. Irish names ending in an, iane, ene are always nicknames, appellatives, etc., as in the case of the abbot of Armagh, about 640, addressed by Pope John V. as Tomian and Tomene. The old Irish cell (gen. celle, dat. and ace. citt, c being always pronounced like k) signified the cell of an anchorite, a monastery or a church, and Cellan and Cillene were common names among the Irish clergy in the seventh and eighth centuries, signifying " anchorite." On the analogy of Tomian and Tomene, Killian, spelled with two l's might properly be regarded as a variant of Cillene. The difficulty presented by the fact that the Frankish form is Kilian, with single 1, may be explained by supposing the substitution for the liquid double 1 of a single letter bearing the same sound. St. Kilian's reputation dates from the time of Burchard, bishop of Wurzburg (d. about 754). (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: An early Vita, with comment, is in ASB, July, ii., 599-614. Consult: T. D. Hardy, Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, i. 1, p. 339, in Rolls Series, no. 26, London, 1862; W. D. Killen, Ecclesiastical Hist, of Ireland,
2 vols., London, 1875; H. Zimmer, The Irish Element in Mediaeval Culture, New York, 1891; Rettberg, KD, ii 303- Hauck, KD, i. 370; DCB, i. 544-555; KL, vii 446-448- DNB, x. 363-364.
KILLEN, WILLIAM DOOL: Irish Presbyterian; b. at Ballymena (23 m. n.w. of Belfast), County Antrim, Apr. 5, 1806; d. at Belfast Jan. 10, 1902. He studied at the Belfast Academical Institution, and in 1829 was ordained minister of Raphoe, County Donegal. From 1841 he was professor of church history and pastoral theology, and from 1869 until his death was president of the Presbyterian College, Belfast. In theology he was a liberal Evangelical. He wrote: The Ancient Church (London, 1859); Memorial of John Edgar (Belfast, 1867) ; The Old Catholic Church from the Apostolic Age to A.D. 755 (Edinburgh, 1871); The Ecclesiastical History of Ireland from the Earliest Period to the Present Time (2 vols., London, 1875); The Ignatian Letters Entirely Spurious (Edinburgh, 1886); The Framework of the Church: A Treatise on Church Government (1890); and Reminiscences of a Long Life (London, 1901) ; he also continued J. S. Reid's History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland from 1783 (Belfast, 1853).
KILWARDBY, ROBERT: Archbishop of Canterbury; b. in England c. 1200; d. at Viterbo (42 m. n.n.w. of Rome), Italy, Sept. 11, 1279. He probably studied at Oxford, but certainly at the University of Paris, where he first distinguished himself as a lecturer and writer on grammar and logic. Later he joined the order of St. Dominic and devoted himself to theology, distinguishing himself in this field by dividing most of Augustine's works into chapters and prefixing to each an analysis of its contents. He was provincial prior of his order in England 1261-72, archbishop of Canterbury 1272-78, and cardinal-bishop of Porto 1278- 1279. He was the first mendicant advanced to a great post in the English Church. As archbishop he held frequent synods. Those of 1273 and 1277 mark important developments in the representation of the lower clergy. On leaving England in July, 1279, he took with him, along with other property of the see, all the records of Canterbury. To this day the oldest records of the see date from the time of Archbishop Peckham, Kilwardby's successor. Kilwardby was a voluminous writer, and in his day he was widely studied. Manuscripts of his De ortu scientiarum, his most important work, are preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, and in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
Bibliography: Sources are: N. Trivet, Annates sex regum Angliae, ed. T. Hog, London, 1845; and in the Rolls Series: Annates Monastici, 5 vols., London, 1864-69 (consult Index); Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I. and II., ed. W. Stubbs, 2 vols., ib. 1882-83; Bartholomew of Colton, Hist. Anglicana, ed. H. R. Luard, London, 1859. Consult: J. Qudtif and J. Echard, Scriptores ordinis praedicatorum, i. 374-380, Paris, 1719; W. F. Hook, Archbishops of Canterbury, iii. 304-326, 12 vols., London, 1860-76; J. B. Haureau, Hist, de la philosophie scolastique, II., ii. 28-33, Paris, 1880; DNB, xxxi. 120-122.
KIMCHI, kim'ki (KIMHI): The name of a Jewish family of scholars of Spanish descent, flourishing in France in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
1. Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi, b. in southern
Kimchi Kingdom