RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Knight Knoke
cathedral in 1540, but had not been inducted with the laying on of hands on account of the opposition of the Roman Catholic canons. In 1547 he became superintendent at Stralsund and accordingly exercised the powers of examination and ordination over the city clergy. Knipstro now demanded that Freder should receive ordination at his hands, an act which would have been an official recognition of the authority of the general superintendency of Wolgast over Stralsund. The authorities of Stralsund forbade Freder to submit to such ordination, and in 1549 the dispute was interrupted for a time by the dismissal of Freder on account of his opposition to the Interim. In 1549 Freder became professor of theology at Greifswald, and in 1550 superintendent at Rtigen, then part of the ecclesiastical province of the Danish bishop of Roeskilde, who had the power of confirmation. To nullify this authority Knipstro introduced Freder into office at Rtigen without waiting for the confirmation of Bishop Palladius of Roeskilde, who now required Freder to appear in Copenhagen. Philip, however, forbade him to make the journey, whereupon Knipstro entered into a sharp controversy with Freder, denying the power of ordination to one who had not himself been ordained. Freder in reply denied that the imposition of hands constituted an essential part of ordination, and appealed to the Wittenberg theologians, who declared, through Melanchthon and Bugenhagen, that the custom of imposition as a praiseworthy practise was derived from old apostolic times and that it should not be abandoned, although one might be considered duly ordained who had not observed it. In 1551 Freder was ordained by Palladius in Denmark, and though he was deprived of his professorship at Greifswald he still remained superintendent at Rtigen and in 1553 came to an agreement with Knipstro. The contest, however, was speedily renewed, and as Freder assumed a radical position in defiance of a decision of the synod of Greifswald, he was compelled to leave Rtigen and became superintendent at Wismar. Knipstro, who had thus vindicated the authority of the ruling powers against that of a foreign bishop, continued in the active exercise of his duties for the remainder of his life. (G. Kaweeau.)
Bibliography: J. Runge (d. 1595), Brevis designatio, partly printed in J. G. L. Kosegarten, De academia Pomerana, pp. 26 sqq., Greifswald, 1839; J. F. Mayer, Synodologia Pomeranica, ib. 1703; F. Bahlow, Johannes Knipstro, Halle, 1898. Consult also: O. Fock, Rilgensch- Pommerache Geschichten, v. 217 sqq., Leipsic, 1868; G. Rietschel, Luther und die Ordination, pp. 90 sqq., Wittenberg, 1889.
KNOBEL, AUGUST WILHELM: German Protestant exegete; b. at Tzschecheln near Sorau (55 m. s.s.e. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder), Lower Lusatia, Aug. 7, 1807; d. at Giessen May 25, 1863. He studied at the gymnasium of Sorau and at the University of Breslau (Ph.D., 1831; Th.D., 1838), where he became privat-docent in 1831 and professor extraordinary of theology in 1835. His Prophetismus der Hebrder (2 vols., Breslau, 1837) secured him a professorship in theology at Giessen in 1839. At Giessen he lectured exclusively on the Old Testament. His lectures were of great value from the linguistic, historical, and archeological side, though
the decidedly rationalistic bent of his mind prevented him from thoroughly appreciating the poetical and theological value of the Old Testament. His works are distinguished by sober-mindedness and discretion, by sound linguistic and historical views, and by a comprehensive knowledge of Oriental antiquity. With the exception of the abovementioned work and Volkertafel der Genesis (Giessen, 1850), he published exclusively exegetical works; viz., commentaries on Isaiah (Leipsic, 1843; 3d ed. 1861), which involved him in a controversy with Ewald, and occasioned him to write his Exegetisches Vademecum fur Herrn Ewald in Tubingen (Giessen, 1844); Genesis (Leipsic, 1852; 2d ed. 1860); Exodus and Leviticus (1857); and Numbers, Deuteronomy, and Joshua (1861). They all appeared in L. Hirzel's Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch turn Alten Testament, and with the contributions of Otto Thenius and Ernst Bertheau, form the most valuable part of that collection. Knobel also wrote a commentary on Ecclesiastes (Leipsic, 1836). (O. ZocKLERf.)
Bibliography: H. E. Scriba, Biographisch-literdrisches Lexikon, ii. 387, Darmstadt, 1843; C. Meusel, Kirchliches Handlexikon, iv. 23, Leipsic, 1894; ADB, xvi. 300-304.
KNOEPFLER, knup'fler, ALOIS: German Roman Catholic; b. at Schomburg Aug. 29, 1847 He studied in Ttibingen (Ph. D., 1873) and at the theological seminary at Rottenburg, and after being a lecturer at the Wilhelmstift, Tubingen, 1876-80, was teacher at the Realschule at Schramberg and professor in the Lyceum of Passau from 1880 to 1886. Since 1886 he has been professor of church history in the University of Munich, of which he was rector in 1893-94. Besides editing the fifth and sixth volumes of the second edition of C. J. von Hefele's Conciliengeschichte (Freiburg, 1886-90) and Veroffentlichungen aus dem kirchengeschichtlichen Seminar Miinchen (Munich, 1899 sqq.), to which he has contributed editions of Walafried Strabo's Liber de exordiis et increments rerum ecclesiasticarum (Munich, 1890) and Rabanus Maurus' De institutions clericorum libri tres (1900), he has written Kelchbewegung in Bayernunter Albrecht V (Munich, 1891); Wert und Bedeutung des Studiums der Kircfiengeschichte (1893); Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte (Freiburg, 1895); Johann Adam M otter (Munich, 1896); and Das Vaterunser im Geiste der Kirchenvdter in Wort und Bild (in collaboration with L. Glotzle; Freiburg, 1898).
KNOKE, kno'ke, KARL: German Lutheran; b. at Schmedenstedt (near Peine, 13 m. n.w. of Brunswick) Oct. 15, 1841. He studied in Gottingen and Erlangen, and was private tutor (1865-67), principal of a school at Walsrode (1867-69), teacher in the normal school at Alfeld (1869-75), and principal of a similar institution at Wunstorf, near Hanover (1875-82). Since 1882 he has been professor of practical theology in Gottingen. In 1904 he was made abbot, of Bursfelde, and is also a consistorial councilor. He is the founder of the Evangelical Lutheran Association in the province of Hanover, and has written: Zur Methodik der biblischen Geschichte, i. (Hanover, 1875); Der Christ und die politische Geprdge der Zeit (1876); Das erste Triennium des Schullehrerseminars zu
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Knowledge, Theological