RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Kuenen Kurtz
of Carlsruhe) Baden, Oct. 8, 1859. He studied in Freiburg and Wiirzburg, was curate at Meesburg (1884-86) and Rastatt (1886-88), and studied for two years in Italy. In 1895 he became privat-docent in Freiburg, associate professor of patristics in 1896, and honorary professor of the same subject in 1903. He has written: Ueber den Libellus precum des Faustinus und Marcellinus (Freiburg, 1890); Hagiographische Studien iiber die Passio Felicitatis cum septem filiis (Paderborn, 1894); Eine Bibliothek der Symbole und theologischen Traktaten zur Bekdmpfung des Priscillianismus und westgothischen Arianismus aus dem sechsten Jahrhundert (Mainz, 1900); Die Pfarrkirche St. Peter und Paul in Reichenau-Niederzell und ihre neuentdeckten Wandgemdlde (in collaboration with K. Bayerle; Freiburg, 1901); Das Comma Joanneum auf seine Herkunft untersucht (1905); Antipriscilliana, dogmengeschichtliche Forschungen und Texte (1905) ; and Die Legende der 3 Lebenden und der 8 Toten und der Totentanz (1908).
KULTURKAMPF. See Ultkamontanism.
KUNZE, kun'ze, JOHANNES WILHELM: German Protestant; b. at Dittmannsdorf, near Meissen, Saxony, Aug. 31, 1865. He studied in Leipsic and Erlangen, and taught at the seminary in Annaberg 1888-89 and at the Wettiner Gymnasium, Dresden, 1889-92. Then until 1903 he was assistant university preacher at Leipsic, where he became privat-docent in 1894 and associate professor of the history of dogma in 1899. In 1903 he was appointed professor of systematic theology in the Evangelical theological faculty in Vienna, and in 1905 became professor of systematic and practical theology in Greifswald. He has written Marcus Eremita, ein neuer Zeuge fur das altchristliche Taufbekenntnis (Leipsic, 1895); Das nicanischkonstantinopolitanische Symbol (1898); Glaubensregel, heilige Schrift und Taufbekenntnis (1899); Christoph Ernst Luthardt, ein Lebens- und Charakterbild (1903); Die ewige Gottheit Jesu Christi (1904) ; and Die Uebergabe der Evangelium beim Taufunterrickt (1908). Kunze is one of the editors of Quellenschriften zur Geschichte des Protestantismus (1905 sqq.).
KUNZE, JOHN CHRISTOPHER: Lutheran; b. at Artern (30 m. w.s.w. of Halle), Prussian Saxony, Aug. 4, 1744; d. in New York July 24, 1807 He received his classical training in the gymnasia at Rossleben and Merseburg, and studied theology at the University of Leipsic. After teaching a few years he came to Philadelphia in 1770 as associate pastor of the Lutheran congregation there. He remained in this work till 1784, maintaining during a part of this time a theological seminary and also serving as professor of oriental languages and literature at the University of Pennsylvania 1780-84. From 1784 till his death he was pastor of the Lutheran congregation in New York, and was also professor of oriental languages and literature at Columbia 1784-87 and again 1792-99. He was an early advocate of the necessity of English education for German youth, and it was largely through his influence that English was introduced into the pulpits of German churches in America.
He edited A Hymn and Prayer Book for Lu-
theran Churches (New York, 1795), the first English Lutheran hymn-book published in the United States.
Bibliography: C. E. Norton, Four American Universities, New York, 1895; Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, iii. 578, ib. 1898.
KURTZ, kurtz, JOHANN HEINRICH: German exegete and church historian; b. at Montjoie (16 m. s.s.e. of Aachen), Rhenish Prussia, Dec. 13, 1809; d. at Marburg Apr. 26, 1890. He attended the Latin school of Montjoie (1821-23) and the gymnasia of Dortmund (1825-27) and Soest (1827- 1830), studied theology at Halle (1830-31) and Bonn (1831-33), became teacher of religion at the gymnasium of Mitau in 1835, and professor of church history at Dorpat in 1849. In 1859 he became professor of Old-Testament exegesis, and continued as such until 1870 when he was pensioned. From 1855 to 1866 he was dean of the theological faculty. In 1871 he settled at Marburg, where he spent the rest of his life in literary labors.
His first book was Die Astronomie und die Bibel. Versuch einer Darstellung der biblischen Kosmologie, sowie einer Erlduterung und Bestdtigung derselben aus den Resultaten und Ansichten der neuer en Astronomie (Mitau, 1842); in later editions the material of this work was considerably enlarged and the title was changed to Bibel und Astronomie, nebst Zugaben verwandten Inhalts. Eine Darstellung der biblischen Kosmologie und ihrer Beziehung zu den Nalurwissenschaften (5th ed., Berlin, 1865; Eng. transl., The Bible and Astronomy, Philadelphia, 1857) . The work is characterized by a certain theosophical type of thought and shows the great interest which Kurtz took in the results of natural science. He tried to prove the central position of the earth in the history of the universe and show how the universe is connected with, and subordinate to, the progress and completion of man's salvation. In the same year appeared Das Mosaische Opfer, ein Beitrag zur Symbolik des Mosaischen Kultus. The same topic was treated by Kurtz in theological periodicals and culminated in Der alttestamentliche Opferkultus nach seiner gesetzlichen Begrilndung und Anwendung (Mitau, 1862; Eng. transl., Sacrificial Worship of the Old Testament, Edinburgh, 1863). Another work on the Old Testament was the Lehrbuch der heiligen Geschichte, ein Wegweiser zum Verstdndnis des goltlichen Heilsplans (Konigsberg, 1843; 19th ed., Leipsic, 1906; Eng. transl., Manual of Sacred History, Philadelphia, 1855). From this Lehrbuch proceeded Biblische Geschichte der heiligen Schrift nacherzdhlt und fur das Verstdndnis der unteren Klassen in Gymnasien und hoheren Biirgerschulen erldutert (Berlin, 1847; 51st ed., Breslau, 1901; Eng. transl., Bible History, Edinburgh, 1867), the work that made the name of the author most widely known. It is used even in the missionary schools of India. From the same Lehrbuch proceeded also the principal work of Kurtz in the field of the Old Testament, his Geschichte des alten Bundes (vol. i., Berlin, 1848, 3d. ed., 1864; vol. ii., 1855, 2d ed., 1858; Eng. transl., History of the Old Covenant, with annotations by A. Edersheim, 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1860), which extends, however, only to the death of Moses. The work had been preceded by
Kuyper Labadie