THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Bibliography: The earlier literature is given in J. G. Walch, Bibliotheca theologica selecta, ii. 48-56, Jena, 1757- 1765. Among the sources (collected in the Library of the Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md. ) are: Declaration de J. de L'Abadie, contenant les raisons qui I'ont
oblige a quitter la communion de Veglise romaine, Montauban, 1650; also his Declaration , . a quitter la communion de Veglise reformee, Geneva, 1666; Histoire curieuse de la vie, de la conduite, et des vrais sentimens du Sr. Jean de Labadie, The Hague, 1670 (this volume contains also the Modeste Refutation copiee de deux lettres qui si douient joindre a Vhistoire, etc.); A. M. van Schurman, Opuscula, Reims, 1667; idem, Eukleria, Latin Altona, 1673, Dutch Amsterdam, 1684. Consult further: M. Goebel, Geschichte des christlichen Lebens, ii. 181—273, Coblentz, 1852 (exists also in French); H. van Berkum, De Labadie en de Labadistene, Sneek, 1851; F. Sjoerds, Beknopt Levensbericht van . . J. de Labadie, Gorinchem, 1860; H. Heppe, Geschichte des Pietismus der reformierten Kirche, pp. 241-374, Leyden, 1879; A. Ritschl, Geschichte des Pietismus, i. 194-268, Bonn, 1880; J. H. Kurtz, Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte, ii. 166, 7-8, Leipsic, 1890; M. Bajorath, in TSK, 1893, pp. 125-166; B. B. James, The Labadist Colony in Maryland, Baltimore, 1899; Von Schubert, in Schriften des Vereins fur schleswig-holsteinische Kirchengeschichte, iii. part 2, Kiel, 1904; Lichtenberger, ESR, vii. 630-632; Journal of Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter, ed. Long, in Memoirs of Long Island Historical Society, vol. i., 1867.
LABARUM. See Jesus Christ, Monogram of;
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT AND HIS SONS, I., § 4.
LABBE, la"be', PHILIPPE: French Jesuit, one of the most famous and prolific authors of his order in the seventeenth century; b. at Bourges July 10, 1607; d. at Paris Mar. 25, 1667 For a few years he taught philosophy and theology in his native city and elsewhere, but he was soon called by his superiors to Paris, where he devoted the remainder of his life to investigation and authorship. Of his writings, which number almost eighty, the most important was his Sacrosancta concilia ad regiam editionem exacta (18 vols., Paris, 1662-72; reprinted by N. Coletus, 23 vols., Venice, 1728-32), the last ten volumes being edited after Labbe's death by the Jesuit Gabriel Cossart (d. 1674). Introductory to this collection Labbe had already written Gallice synodorum conciliorumque brevis et accurata historia (Paris, 1646) and Historica synopsis conciliorum nationalium, provincialium, dioecesaneorum, cum iritis epistolisque Romanorum pontificum (1661). Other works were devoted to chronology: Concordia chronologica (4 vols., Paris, 1656) and Abrege chronologique de Vhistoire sacree et profane de tous les ages et de tous les siecles (4 vols., 1663-66); martyrology: Hagiologium Franco-Gallice excerptum ex antiquo martyrologio sanctm abbatice Sancti Laurentii Bituricensis (1643); Byzantine history: Michcelis Glycce annates (the first edition of this historian, 1660); French history: Melanges curieux de plusieurs sujets rares pour servir a Vhistoire de la France ecclesiastique et politique (1650); the history of literature: Bibliotheca bibliothecarum (1664); and the Jansenist controversy: Triumphus catholicoe veritatis adversus novatores, sive Jansenius damnatus (1651) and Bibliotheca antijansenicana (1654).
(O. ZoCKLERf .) Bibliography: L. G. Michaud, Biographie universale, xxn. 256-258, 45 vols., Paris, 1843-65; A. and A. de Backer, Bibliothhque des ecrivains de la societe de Jesus, ii. 549-562, 3 vols., Liege, 1869-76; H. Hurter, Nomenclator hterarius, ii. 201-210, Innsbruck, 1881; KL, vii.
1281-1282. On the Concilia consult: Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, i. 76 sqq., Eng. transl., i. 69 sqq.; H. Quentin Jean Dominique Mansi, et les grandes collections conciliaires, Paris, 1900.
LABOURE, la"bur', GUILLAUME MARIE JOSEPH: Cardinal; b. at Achiet-le-Petit (11 m. s. of Arras) Oct. 27, 1841; d. at Rennes 1906. He studied at the Seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris, and became professor and superior at the Petit Seminaire of Arras. He was then vicar-general of Arras, in 1885 was consecrated bishop of Mans, and in 1893 was enthroned archbishop of Rennes. In 1897 he was created cardinal priest of Santa Maria e San Francesco al Foro Romano.
Bibliography: Der Papst, die Regierung und die Verwaltung der heiligen Kirche in Rom, Munich, 1904.
LACHMANN, laH'man, CARL CONRAD FRIED- RICH WILHELM: German philologist; b. at Brunswick Mar. 4, 1793; d. in Berlin Mar. 13, 1851. He studied classical and Germanic philology in Leipsic and Gottingen, became privatdocent at Gottingen 1815, at Berlin 1816, professor of philology at Konigsberg 1818, and at Berlin 1825. He was one of the founders of modern textual criticism, made the restoration of texts the special object of his studies, and edited many Latin and old German works. His editions of Propertius (Leipsic, 1816), Catullus (Berlin, 1829), Tibullus (1829), and Lucretius (1850) are famous. His excellent editions of the New-Testament text (1831; large ed., with the Vulgate, 2 vols., 1842-50) attempt to restore that current in the Eastern Church in the fourth century. Through his Betrachtungen uber Homer's Ilias (1847), in which he sought to show that the Iliad is made up of a number of independent lays he exerted a considerable influence on modern Homeric criticism.
Bibliography: M. Hertz, Karl Lachmann, Berlin, 1851; P. Schaff, Companion to the Greek Testament, pp. 254- 256, New York, 1883; Scrivener, Introduction, ii. 231- 235 et passim (a review of his work on the N. T.).
LACHMANN, laH'man (LACHAMANN), J0- HANN: German Reformer; b. at Heilbronn c. 1491; d. there 1538. He was a son of Bernhard Lachamann, a celebrated bell-founder, entered the University of Heidelberg in 1505, became baccalaureus 1507, magister and assistant in master's examinations 1508, and baccalaureus juris 1509 (Dr. jur., 1521). In 1514 he became vicar of the parish of his native town, which belonged to the cathedral chapter at Wiirzburg, and at the close of 1520 he succeeded his friend Johannes Kroner of Scherding as city preacher. Luther's ideas early found a fertile soil at Heilbronn. Even Kroner is reported to have preached that more importance rested in diligently hearing the word of God than in the mass. Through Lachmann's influence the old Church continued to lose ground. In 1524 the concubinage of priests was forbidden, and the mariolatry of the Carmelites was vigorously assailed. In 1525 the barefoot friars were enjoined to preach the Gospel and then they were forbidden to preach at all. The citizens requested communion in both forms, which request the bishop refused Mar. 9, 1525. The Evangelicals' leader was