THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
the present, he won a hearing among the laity, and in the same year assumed editorial control of the liberal Zeitstimmen aus der reformierten Kirche der Schweiz, which he directed until 1872, and then under the title Reform, until his death. Despite his open expression of radical views, his eagerness to promote true Christianity on the basis of his modern conception of the universe is shown in his Stunden der Andacht (2 vols., Winterthur, 1862-65) and also in his Religiose Charaktere (1862), in which he traces the lives and characters of such divergent men as St. Paul, Zwingli, Lessing, and Schleiermacher.
In 1863 Lang was called to the pastorate of Meilen on the Lake of Zurich, where, without being the nominal leader of the party, he gradually became the guiding spirit of the movement for the reform of the Swiss Church. In 1870 he published at Berlin his Martin Luther, ein religioses Charakterbild, with the aim of aiding the German people to secure independence of orthodoxy. In 1871 he was called to St. Peter's, Zurich, as deacon, and shortly afterward became pastor. Here his ability as a preacher first gained full recognition and activity, both in the increased attendance at his services and also in the approval shown his Religiose Reden (2 vols., Zurich, 1873-75). Here too he was chosen a member of the Evangelical churchcouncil of the Canton of Zurich, and during this period published two addresses Zur kirchlichen Situation der Gegenwart (Zurich, 1873). In the first of these he set forth the struggle of modern society with the Roman Catholic hierarchy, and in the second the position between the conflicting extremes of orthodoxy and materialism. Henceforth his battle was waged against the latter, and in this spirit he wrote in Reform against Strauss, Von Hartmann, and Albert Lange; while his two contributions to the Deutsche Zeit- und Streitfragen of Holtzendorff and Oncken: Das Leben Jesu und die Kirche der Zukunft (Berlin, 1872), and Die Religion im Zeitalter Darwins (1873), were equally designed to maintain religion in its proper place in modern society. (P. Christ-)-.)
Bibliography: A. E. Biedermann, Heinrich Lang, Zurich, 1876; K. E. Mayer, Heinrich Lang, Basel, 1877.
LANG, lang, JOHN DUNMORE: Scotch Presbyterian; b. at Greenock (20 m. w.n.w. of Glasgow), Aug. 25, 1799; d. at Sydney, New South Wales, Aug. 8, 1878. He studied at Glasgow (M.A., 1820; D.D., 1825), was ordained in 1822, and founded the Scots' Church in Sydney the following year. He was the first minister of the Church of Scotland in Australia. At a time when every increase to the population was of the utmost consequence, he was the means of bringing out many thousands of excellent emigrants from Great Britain to the new colonies, as also ministers and teachers for the work of the Church. He represented Port Philip, Moreton Bay, and Sydney successively in the legislative assembly, and was instrumental in securing the separation and independence of Victoria and Queensland from New South Wales. He founded and edited at Sydney at various times several secular weekly papers, and also published several works, the chief of which is his Historical and Statistical
Account of New South Wales (2 vols., London 1834- 4th ed. revised, 2 vols., 1874).
Bibliography: Consult his Brief Sketch of my Parliamentary Life, Sydney, 1870; G. B. Barton, Poets and Prose of New South Wales, ib. 1866; DNB, xxxii. 89-90.
LANG, JOHN MARSHALL : Church of Scotland; b. at Glassford (12 m. s.e. of Glasgow), Lanarkshire, May 14, 1834; d. at Aberdeen May 2, 1909. He studied at the University of Glasgow (M.A. 1856), and became minister of St. Nicholas (East) Aberdeen 1856 ; Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, 1859 ; Anderston Church, Glasgow 1866; Morningside Parish, Edinburgh 1868, and Barony Parish, Glasgow 1873. After 1900 he was vice-chancellor and principal of the University of Aberdeen. He was moderator of the Church of Scotland in 1893, president of the Alliance of Reformed Churches in 1899, and Baird Lecturer in 1900-01. In theology he described himself as " holding the great Christian verities; liberal in attitude as to creeds, criticism, and matters not entering into the substance of the faith." He wrote : Hea ven and H ome (Edinburgh, 1879); The Last Supper of Our Lord (1881); Life: Is it Worth Living? (London, 1883); Gideon and the Judges (1890); The Expansion of the Christian Life (Duff lectures, Edinburgh, 1897); and The Church and its Social Mission (Baird lectures, 1902), besides contributing The Religions of Central America to the St. Giles Lectures for 1881 (Edinburgh, 1881) and The Anglican Church to the same series for 1883 (1883), and preparing the homiletic sections on Luke for The Pulpit Commentary (London, 1889).
LANGE, lang'e, JOACHIM: German Lutheran and leader of the Halle Pietists; b. at Gardelegen (86 m. w. of Berlin) Oct. 26, 1670; d. at Halle May 7, 1744. After a youth of poverty, he began his university career at Leipsic in 1689, where he came under the personal influence of A. H. Francke and C. Thomasius. In 1690 he accompanied Francke to Erfurt and thence, in 1691, to Halle. On completing his theological studies in 1693, he went to Berlin, where he became private tutor in the house of F. R. von Canitz, whose poems he later edited under the title Nebenstunden urderschiedener Gedichte (Berlin, 1700). At the same time he came in close contact with Spener and other leading Pietists. In 1696 he was called to Coslin as rector of the gymnasium there, but two years later he returned to Berlin as head of the Friedrichswerdersches Gymnasium, and was also pastor of the Friedrichstadt Church from 1699. From 1709 until his death he was first adjunct and then full professor in the theological faculty of Halle, of which he was rector in 1721-22 and 1731- 1732. Despite the learning, piety, and discipline he had evinced at Berlin, and notwithstanding the immense popularity of his earlier years at Halle, he had few pupils after 1730. His lectures, though chiefly on dogmatic and moral theology, also included exegetics and, for a time, ascetics.
Lange's literary activity was more potent and lasting than his academic work, but of his long list of writings (even an incomplete catalogue numbering ninety-five) only those most important for theology can be mentioned here. He began his career as an author by his Idea theologiw pseudorthodoxa,