RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Lanfranc Lang-
possible that to Lanfranc is really due the solution
of the problem of investiture, through which Ivo
achieved his fame. (H. Bohmer.)
Bibliography: The Opera were edited by L. d'Achery,
Paris, 1648, and (inefficiently) by Giles in PEA, 2 vols.,
Oxford, 1844, from both of which they were republished
in MPL, ol. Some of Lanfranc's letters are in D. Wil-
kins, Concilia Magna Britannia, vol. i., London, 1757.
Sources for a life are the Vita by Eadmer, in ASB, May, vi. 848-952; another life with commentary is in the same, pp. 832-847, also, with Mabillon's text and D'Achery's notes, in MPL, cl.; Eadmer's Historia novorum in Anglia, ed. M. Rule, in Rolls Series, no. 81, pp. 20 sqq., London, 1884; William of Malmesbury, Gesta pontiflcum Anglorum, ed. N. E. S. A. Hamilton in Rolls Series, no. 52, pp. 37 sqq., ib. 1870; Guilelmus Pictavensis, Gesta Guilelmi II., ed. J. A. Giles, in Scriptores rerum Wil-
helmi, ib. 1845. Modern lives are by: A. Gharma, Paris, 1849 (not to be neglected); W. and M. Wilks, The Three Archbishops Lanfranc, Anselm, A Becket, London, 1858; J. de Crozal, Paris, 1877; P. Moiraghi, Pavia, 1889; E. Languemare, Paris, 1902. Further material is found in E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, vols, ii.-iv., London, 1879; idem, William Rufus, i. 1-140, ii. 359-360, ib. 1882; idem, William the Conqueror, pp. 141-146, ib. 1888 (all valuable); T. Wright, Biographia Britannica literaria, ii. 1-14, ib. 1846; E. Churton, Hist, of the Early English Church, chap, xv., London, 1850; W. F. Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, vol. ii. chap, ii., ib. 1862; M. Rule, Life and Times of St. Anselm, i. 163-181, ib. 1883; J. H. Overton, The Church in England, i. 161-169, 173-175 et passim, ib. 1897; H. Bohmer, Kirche und Stoat in England und in der Normandie, Leipsic, 1899; idem, Die Fdlschungen Lanfranks von Canterbury, ib., 1902; W. R. W Stephens, The English Church (1066- 1272), passim, London, 1901; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xiii. 165-175, 290-295, 440-459; Histoire litteraire de la France, viii. 260-305; Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 554— 572; DNB, xxxii. 83-89 (where references to other literature are given); and the literature under Berengar.
LANG, king, AUGUST: German Reformed; b. at Huppichteroth (near Gummersbach, 24 m. e. of Cologne) Feb. 26, 1867. He studied in Bonn (1886-88, 1889-90; Th. Lie, 1890) and Berlin (1888- 1889), and since 1893 has been cathedral preacher in Halle; since 1900 he has also been privat-docent for church history at the university of the same city. He has written Wiirttembergs Gemeinschaften (Barmen, 1892); Das hdussliche Leben Johann Calvins (Munich, 1893); Die Bekehrung Johann Calvins (Leipsic, 1897); Der Evangelienkommentar Martin Butzers und die Grundzuge seiner Theologie (1900); Die Dedeutung der reformierten Theologie fur die religiose Lage der Gegenwart (Neukirchen, 1905) ; Der Heidelberger Katechismus undvier verwandte Katechismen (Leo Juds und Microns Heine Katechismen, sowie die beiden Vorarbeiten Ursin's) nebst einer historischtheologischen Einleitung (Leipsic, 1907) ; and Johannes Calvin, Ein Lebensbild zu seinem 4.00. Geburtstag (1909).
LANG, COSMO GORDON: Church of England, archbishop of York and primate of England; b. at Aberdeen, of Presbyterian parentage, Oct. 31, 1864. He was educated at Glasgow University and Balliol College, Oxford (B.A., 1885), and then studied law, but suddenly determined to take orders and pursued theological studies at Cuddesdon, being ordered deacon in 1890 and advanced to the priesthood in the following year. He was fellow of All Souls', Oxford, in 1888-93, curate of Leeds in 1890-93, fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, and dean of divinity in 1893-96, vicar of St.
Mary the Virgin (the university church), Oxford, in 1894-96, and vicar of Portsea, as well as chaplain of the Kingston prison, in 1896-1901. He was also examining chaplain to the bishop of Lichfield in 1894-96 and to the bishop of Oxford in 1894- 1901, honorary chaplain to Queen Victoria in 1899- 1901, and select preacher at Oxford in 1896 and Cambridge in 1897. In 1901 he was consecrated suffragan bishop of Stepney, and in 1908, on the resignation of Archbishop W. D. Maclagan (q.v.), was appointed archbishop of York. He has written : Miracles of Jesus as Marks of the Way of Life (London, 1900); Thoughts on Some of the Parables of Jesus (1905); Opportunity of the Church of England (1905); and Principles of Religious Education (1906).
LANG, HEINRICH: Advocate of liberalism in Switzerland and Germany; b. at Frommern, near Balingen (38 m. s.w. of Stuttgart), Wurttemberg, Nov. 14, 1826; d. at Zurich Jan. 13, 1876. He entered the University of Tubingen at the age of eighteen, and there came strongly under the influence of Hegelianism. Nevertheless, he did not go to the radical extremes of the Neohegelians, being restrained by the tenets of Schleiermacher; yet in the great theological struggle precipitated by Strauss, Baur, and their school at Tubingen, he took a decided stand on the side of unfettered investigation. Like Strauss, he accepted the negative results of philosophical and historical criticism concerning miracles and supernatural dogmas; while, like Baur, he held primitive Christian literature and the history of Christian dogma to be a necessary and continuous process, whereby Christian consciousness seeks to explain its absolute content in the formulas given it. Despite his unrestricted investigations, Lang retained his interest in practical religion, but shortly after passing his theological examination in Aug., 1848, a speech in favor of the abrogation of the Frankfort Parliament and the establishment of a German republic exposed him to the danger of legal proceedings, and he accordingly fled to Wartau, in the Swiss canton of St. Gall, where he was pastor 1848-63. In this pastorate he first published a small collection of sermons (St. Gall, 1853), to prove that the liberal theologian, while still maintaining his position, may preach in edifying and popular manner, and may be equally devoted to his pulpit and his studies. His own theological investigations were set forth in his Versuch einer christlichen Dogmalik (Berlin, 1858; 2d ed., 1868), showing that the religious principle of Christianity must be revised on the basis of modern science, this principle itself being none other than spirituality as contrasted with the pagan religions of nature, and childlike dependence on God as opposed to Jewish legalism. This work is particularly characterized by its theories of the atonement and Christology, in which the person of Christ is, relatively speaking, eliminated.
With Lang's next work, Ein Gang durch die christliche Welt, Studien iiber die Entwickelung des christlichen Geistes in Briefen an einen Laien (Berlin, 1859), tracing the evolution of Christian religious teaching and ethics from their beginning to
Lang- Langen