THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
1903. Consult also: J. Gairdner, The English Church in the 16th Century, ib. 1903; Cambridge Modern History, ii. 53S-541 et passim. New York, 1904; DNB, xxxii. 171-179; and works on the Reformation in England.
LATITUDINARIANS, lat"i-tiu"di-ne'ri-anz: The name applied to a school of thought in the Church of England, especially in the seventeenth century. It is given somewhat indefinitely to men who differed widely in their theological opinions, but agreed in a spirit of toleration toward dissenters, and in laying stress only upon the fundamentals of religion. According to its first representatives, Hales, Chillingworth, and Taylor, attached as they were to the " Church and king " side of the great conflict of their period, the genuine basis of Christian communion was to be found in a common recognition of the great realities of Christian thought and life, not in any outward adhesion to a definite ecclesiastical system. All who profess the Apostles' Creed are, according to them, members of the Church, and the national worship should be so ordered as to exclude none who make this profession. The movement begun by these men passed on into a higher and broader stream of thought with the " Cambridge Platonists " (q.v.), especially Whichcote and Culverwel, who, in a philosophical spirit, dealt with questions touching the very essence of religious and moral principles. They carried forward the cause of religious liberality, and took up and molded into a definite form all the nobler intellectual tendencies of the time. Almost all the influential English divines of the Revolution period, when these principles had free sway, were trained in the Cambridge school, and carried its attitude into the regulation of their public conduct.
The spiritual apathy of the eighteenth century in England has been attributed (as by Canon Perry, History of the English Church, ii., London, 1862, 514 sqq.) to the influence of the Latitudinarians; but it may be truer to regard both as alike results of a reaction from the fierce religious passions and prejudices of the preceding age. The temper of the Latitudinarians finds its modern representative in the so-called " Broad-church " party, whose earliest distinguished members in England were Coleridge, Whately, Thomas Arnold, Julius Charles Hare, Frederick Denison Maurice, Charles Kingsley, and Dean Stanley. The tendency to reduce the number of essential doctrines to a minimum and to lay stress rather upon the Christian temper of daily life and earnest work for social betterment, helped forward by the results of the " higher criticism " of the Bible, has become very wide-spread in recent years, in America as well as England, and not only among members of the Anglican communion but throughout all the Protestant bodies.
Bibliography: W. J. Conybeare, Church Parties, London, 1854; J. Hunt, Religious Thought in England, 3 vols., ib. 1870-73 (impartial); I,. Stephen, Hist, of English Thought in the 18th Century, 2 vols., New York, 1881; J. H. Overton, The Church in England, vol. ii. passim, London, 1897; J. F. Hurst, Hist: of Rationalism, New York, 1902; J. H. Overton and F. Relton, The English Church (1714-1800), London, 1906; Cambridge Modern History, v. 911 sqq.; KL, vii. 1504-05.
LATOMUS, lafo-mus, BARTHOLOMAEUS (BAR- THOLOMAEUS HEINRICI) : Roman Catholic hu-
manist; b. at Arlon (16 m. w.n.w. of Luxemburg about 1485; d. at Coblenz Jan. 3, 1570. In 1516 he matriculated at the University of Freiburg, where he lectured three years later. In 1521 he accompanied Erasmus on a journey into Alsace and in Sept., 1522, he was in Treves and defended the city against Franz von Sickingen (q.v.). He had already made himself known as a poet by his Vita el obitus Maximiliani I. imperatoris (Augsburg 1519) and an Epistola Austria, ad Carolum imperatorem (Strasburg, 1521), while he now wrote his Actio memorabilis Francisci ab Siccingen, cum Trevirorum obsidione, turn exitus ejusdem (Cologne 1523). From Treves he went to Cologne as teacher of dialectics and rhetoric, and in 1530 he became a teacher at Louvain, but soon accepted a call to the high school of Treves. In 1531 he was in Paris as a teacher at the Collegium Sanctae Barbarae. Three years later he was appointed professor of rhetoric at the College Royal founded by Francis I., and in 1539 visited Italy, settling for a time at Bologna. Thence he traveled to Rome, where his zeal for the Reformation seems to have abated. In 1542 he was appointed councilor at the electoral court of Treves, with a residence at Coblenz. An attempt to introduce the Reformation in Cologne occasioned a controversy with Butzer, who accused him of inconsistency, whereupon Latomus replied that he had never taught the Lutheran doctrine (Responsio Bartholomcei Latomi ad epistolam quondam M. Buceri, Cologne, 1544). Butzer responded with his Scripta duo adversaria (Strasburg 1544), which was answered by Latomus in 1545. After accompanying his elector to the diets of Speyer and Worms in 1544-45, Latomus was summoned to the conference of Regensburg as a Roman Catholic scholar, where he seems to have written the anonymous Actorum colloquii Ratisbonensis narratio (Ingolstadt, 1546). In 1557 he attended the colloquy of Worms, and when the Lutherans accused the Catholics of having broken up the colloquy, he wrote his Spaltung der augsburgischen Konfession durch die neuen und streitigen Theologen. This occasioned another dispute with Petrus Dathenus, pastor of the Flemish congregation at Frankfurt, and he also engaged in a controversy with Jacob Andrea on the doctrine of communion in both kinds. In 1569 Jacob of Eltz made him councilor of his electoral court. In addition to his poems and his controversial and occasional writings, the works of Latomus include the following: Summa totius rationis disserendi (Cologne, 1527), Oratio dc studiis humanitatis (Paris, 1534), Oratio de lamlibus eloquentiw (1535), as well as editions of Cicero, Terence, and George of Trebizond. (G. Kawerau.)
Bibliography: His letter of June 24, 1533, to Melanchthon, ed. G. Kawerau, is in TSK, Ixxv (1902), 140 sqq. Consult: L. Roersch, in Bulletin de I'academie royale de Belgique, series 3, xiv (1887), 132-176; idem, Biographic nationals de Belgique, xi. 424-434, Brussels, 1891; A. J. van der Aa, Biographisch Woordenboek der Xederlanden. pp. 191 sqq., Harlem, 1865; ADB, xviii. 14 (not particularly valuable).
LATOMUS, JACOBUS (JACQUES) MASSON: Roman Catholic theologian; b. at Cambron, Hainaut, in 1475; d. at Louvain, Belgium, May -9, 1544. He was educated at Paris, and in 1505 was