THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
able termination of the two " bishops' wars " against the Scotch hastened the downfall of the archbishop, already hated for his activity in the privy council, the court of high commission, and the star chamber. On Dec. 18, 1640, he was impeached of treason by the house of commons, and was placed in confinement, although he was not sent to the Tower until Mar. 1 of the following year. He resigned the chancellorship of the University of Oxford June 28, 1641, and lingered in the Tower until May 31, 1643, Prynne meanwhile seizing the opportunity to print damaging extracts from the archbishop's diary. The trial began Mar. 12, 1644, but the commons perceived that they could not count on the house of lords as they had hoped, and in October they resolved to substitute attainder for impeachment. Under threats of mob violence and the claim that parliament could declare whatsoever crime it pleased treason, the lords finally passed the ordinance, and the archbishop was beheaded on Tower Hill six days later.
Laud was a munificent patron of learning, giving 1,300 manuscripts to Oxford and founding a chair of Arabic which is still in existence. His complete works were first edited by W Scott and W Bliss (7 vols., Oxford, 1847-60). According to those of Puritan sympathies, he was narrow, cruel, and an enemy of religion; according to adherents of the Anglo- Catholic branch of the Anglican Church, he, like his king, was a martyr. In his favor it may be said that his faults were those of his age and his narrowness can readily find its parallel among many who opposed him. His sincerity and adherence to what he believed to be right are beyond question, and the same recognition should be accorded these qualities in him as in his Puritan antagonists. He was persistent in his warfare against the Puritanism which he regarded as injurious to the Church, despite scant hopes of success. He insisted on the doctrine of Apostolic Succession (see Apostolic Succession), the importance of tradition, and the return to the primitive Church of the first four centuries. On the other hand, he rejected Roman Catholicism as overladen with accretions not recognized by early Christianity. His stress was laid on conformity in ritual, which, in his judgment, would lead to uniformity of heart, but, on the other hand, he did not insist on absolute harmony on matters of mere opinion. In theology he was an Arminian, and postulated the necessity of good works. Though not the first Anglican to advance High-church views, Laud may not unfairly be regarded as the most prominent early exponent of this school. (T. Kolde.)
Bibliography: The account of the Laud commemoration, with a bibliography of the literature of the subject, ed. W E. Collins, appeared London, 1895. The main source for a life, outside of Laud's Works (ed. W Scott and W Bliss, 7 vols., Oxford, 1847-60) is the biography by Peter Heylyn, Cyprianus Anglicus, London, 1668 and often. Modern biographies are by W. H. Hutton, London, 1896; J. Norton, Boston, 1864; T. Rogers, in Historical Gleanings, ser. 2, London, 1870; P. Bayne, in Chief Actors in the Puritan Revolution, Edinburgh, 1878; Frances Phillips, in Fathers of the English Church, ser. 2, London, 1892; C. H. Simpkinson, ib. 1895; A. C. Benson, ib. 1898; and W L. Mackintosh, ib. 1907. Consult also: A.
a Wood, Athence Oxonienses, ed. P. Bliss, iii. 117-144 4 vols., London, 1813-20; J. H. Overton, The Church in England, vol. ii., ib. 1897; W. H. Hutton. The English Church (1626-1714), ib. 1903 (valuable); A. Plummer, English Church Hist. (1576-1649), Edinburgh, 1904; \v! H. Frere, The English Church (1658-1625), London, 1904; DNB, xxxii. 185-194. A new ed. of the Relation of the Conference (with) Mr. Fisher the Jesuit, by C. H.
Simpkinson, appeared London, 1901.
LAUDS: An office in the breviary (q.v.) which originally was closely joined to matins, but is now frequently separated from it. See Matins.
LAURA. See Monasticism.
LAURENCE. See Laurentitjs.
LAURENCE, SAINT: Christian martyr, who suffered at Rome in the Valerian persecution, Aug. 10, 258. He was a disciple of Pope Sixtus II., who made him one of the seven deacons of Rome, and his martyrdom fell four days after that of his master, whose fame he soon surpassed. According to tradition, the Roman prefect, having heard that the Church possessed great treasures, demanded that Laurence should surrender them, whereupon he gathered a crowd of the old, poor, and sick, paupers and cripples, and said, " These are our treasures."
Bibliography: An excellent means of tracing the literature, legends, and institutions in honor of the saint is afforded in Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, Table generate, ii. 90-91.
LAURENCE OF CANTERBURY: Second archbishop of Canterbury; d. at Canterbury Feb. 2, 619. He was one of the original companions of Augustine (q.v.), was sent back to Rome by the latter probably in 598 with a letter for Pope Gregory, and returned to England in 601 with Mellitus, Justus, and others. Augustine ordained him as his successor and he succeeded to the see of Canterbury on Augustine's death (604 or 605), but never received the pallium. He tried to win over the bishops of the Celtic Church, both in Britain and Ireland, finished and consecrated the church of St. Peter and St. Paul at Canterbury (613), and translated Augustine's remains to its north chapel. Eadbald, son and successor (616) of the pious Ethelbert, was a heathen and Laurence was on the point of giving up his work and joining his brethren, Justus and Mellitus (qq.v.), in Gaul when he opportunely converted the king (c. 618) and was allowed to stay.
Bibliography: Bede, Hist. Eccl., i. 27, 33, ii. 4, 6, 7; Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, iii. 61-70; DCB, hi. 631-632; W. F. Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, i. 79 sqq., London, 1860; DNB, i. 79 sqq.
LAURENTIUS: Antipope 498. He was an arch-presbyter in Rome, the choice of the imperial party for the papal chair, and was elected Nov. 22, 498, successor of Anastasius II. The Roman party chose Symmachus (q.v.). The decision was left to Theodoric, king of the Ostro-Goths, who decided in favor of Symmachus; and Lauren tius was made bishop of Nocera (498) ; but when he returned to Rome, his partizans stirred up constant strife until the Roman council of 501 deposed him.
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 120 sqq.; Bower, Popes, i. 296 sqq.; Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 415 sqq.; and literature under Symmachus.