RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Leibnitz
Leipsic, Colloquy of
1890); and The Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings, Translated with Introduction and Notes by R. Lotto, (Oxford, 1898).
(Rudolf Eucken.)
Bibliography: Data regarding the editions and translations of Leibnitz and an extensive list of works concerning him are in J. M. Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, iii. 1, pp. 330-338. Materials for a life are found in his letters, the various collections of which are noted in Baldwin, ut sup., pp. 331-332. Lives and sketches of his life have been written by B. de Fontenelle, Paris, 1716 (used the biographical notices of J. G. von Eckhart, Leibnitz's secretary); G. E. Guhrauer, 2 vols., Breslau, 1846 (perhaps the best; on the basis of this was written the Life by J. M. Mackie, Boston, 1845); L. Grote, Hanover, 1869; E. Pfieiderer, Leipsic, 1870; E. Bodemann, Hanover, 1876; F. Kirchner, Cothen, 1877; J. T. Merz, London, 1901; ADB, xviii. 172-209; and the accounts in the works on the hist, of philosophy by Windelband, Erdmann, and TJeberweg, especially in that of K. Fischer, Geschichte der neuern Philosophie, Heidelberg, 1902.
Discussions of his philosophy or of phases of it are: C. Secre'tan, La Philosophie de Leibnitz, Lausanne, 1840; L. Feuerbach, Geschichte der neuern Philosophie, Ansbach, 1844; A. Helfferich, Spinoza und Leibnitz, oder das Wesen des Idealismus und des Realismus, Berlin, 1846; R. Zimmermann, Leibniz's Monadologie, Vienna, 1847; J. F. Nourisson, La Philosophie de Leibnitz, Paris, 1860; A. Pichler, Die Theologie des Leibnitz, 2 vols., Munich, 1869- 1870; C. H. Plath, Leibnitz's Missionsgedanken, Berlin, 1869; G. Class, Die metaphysischen Voraussetzungen des leibnizischen Determinismus, Tubingen, 1874; E. Segond, La Monadologie, Paris, 1883; J. Dewey, Leibnitz's New Essays concerning the H uman Understanding, Chicago, 1888; B. R.Martin, Leibniz's Ethik, Erlangen, 1889; H. F. Beneke, Leibniz als Ethiker, Erlangen, 1891; E. Dillmann, Eine neue Darstellung der leibnizischen Monadenlehre, Leipsic, 1891 ; P. Gesche, Die Ethik Leibniz's, Halle, 1891; F. G. F. Wernigk, Der Begriff der Materie bei Leibniz, Jena, 1893; A. Niethack, Leibniz' Lehre von der menschlichen Wahlfreiheit, Halle, 1894; B. Russell, Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibnitz, Cambridge, 1900; E. Cassirer, Leibnitz' System in seinen wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen, Marburg, 1902.
LEIGH, It, EDWARD: English Puritan; b. at Shawell (15 m. s. of Leicester), Leicestershire, Mar. 24, 1602; d. at Rushall (15 m. s.s.e. of Stafford), Staffordshire, June 2, 1671. He studied at Magdalen Hall, Oxford (B.A., 1620; M.A., 1623), and afterward studied law at the Middle Temple. In 1640 he was elected a member of Parliament for Staffordshire, but was expelled for voting for the king in Dec, 1648. His reputation rests upon two compilations, Critica sacra Observations upon
all the Greek Words of the New Testament (London, 1639), and Critica sacra. Observations on all the Radices or Primitive Hebrew Words of the Old Testament (1642). Both works were published together as a third edition in 1650 (4th ed., 1662; Lat. transl., Amsterdam, 1696). Other works are: A Treatise of Divinity (London, 1647); Annotations upon all the New Testament (1650; Latin transl., Leipsic, 1732); A System or Body of Divinity (1654); A. Treatise of Religion and Learning, and of Religious and Learned Men (1656).
Bibliography: A. a Wood, Athence Oxonienses, ed. P. Bliss, iii. 926-931, 4 vols., London, 1813-20; John Nichols, Literary Anecdotes, iii. 164-166, 9 vols., London, 1812-15; DNB, xxxii. 432-433.
LEIGH, SAMUEL. See Methodists, II., § 1.
LEIGHTON, le'tun, ROBERT: Archbishop of Glasgow; b. (probably in London) 1611; d. in London June 25, 1684. His father, Alexander
Leighton, a Presbyterian clergyman and physician who was cruelly persecuted by the Star Chamber, sent him to the University of Edinburgh (M.A., 1631), and afterward to travel on the continent. He spent several years in France, where he was strongly attracted to the Jansenists. On his return to Scotland, in 1641, he was licensed by the presbytery of Edinburgh, and on Dec. 16, 1641, was ordained and inducted into the parish of Newbattle. In 1652 he was sent to London by the Synod of Lothian to negotiate the liberation of the Scottish ministers imprisoned there. Finding himself out of sympathy with the political zeal of his colleagues he resigned his charge in 1652, and in 1653 became principal and professor of divinity at the University of Edinburgh. This post he retained till the Restoration. When episcopacy was established in Scotland in 1661 he remained in the reconstituted church, became bishop of Dunblane, and was consecrated with Sharp and two others, in Westminster Abbey, Dec. 15, 1661. With two or three exceptions all the clergy in his diocese conformed. In other dioceses many clergymen refused to conform, and the persecution began. Leighton pleaded with Charles II. for milder measures, and in 1669 got the first Indulgence. In 1670, Archbishop Burnet having been deprived for opposing this clemency, Leighton was made archbishop of Glasgow, accepting the position on condition that he should be assisted in his efforts to secure the comprehension of the Presbyterians. Failing to get the support of his colleagues he retired from the archbishopric in 1674, and, after a short residence at Edinburgh, went to live with his sister at Broadhurst in Horsted Keynes, Sussex.
Leighton published nothing during his lifetime, and requested that his papers should be destroyed. His writings were first edited by his friend Dr. James Fall. The principal are : Sermons (London, 1692); A Practical Commentary upon the First
Epistle General of St. Peter (part i., York, 1693; part ii., London, 1694); Prelectiones theologicce (London, 1693); and Three Posthumous Tracts (1708), including the well-known Rules and Instructions for a Holy Life (new ed., Oxford, 1905). There are several more or less complete collected editions of his works, the best that of W. West (vols, ii.-vii., London, 1869-75; vol. i. was never published).
Bibliography: Lives were prefixed to the editions of his works by J. N. Pearson, London, 1825, and J. Aikman, Edinburgh, 1839. Consult also: T. Murray, Life of R. Leighton, Edinburgh, 1828; C. F. Secretan, The Troubled Times and Holy Life of Archbishop Leighton, London, 1866; W. Blair, Selections from the Writings of Archbishop Leighton, with Memoir and Notes, London, 1883; idem, Short Biography of Archbishop Leighton, with Selections, ib. 1884; G. Burnet, Hist, of my own Times, ed. O. Airy, i. 239 sqq., Oxford, 1900 (authoritative); D. Butler, Life and Letters of Robert Leighton, London, 1903; DNB, xxxiii. 4-7.
LEIPSIC, COLLOQUY OF: A conference between German Lutherans and Calvinists held in connection with a convention of Protestants of the empire at Leipsic in Feb.-Mar., 1631, called for the purpose of securing united action to prevent the execution of the Edict of Restitution (see Westphalia, Peace or). The elector of Brandenburg
Leipsic, Colloquy of Lenfant