RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Leo I-IX
the Pious. Thinking to get revenge on his old enemies, he had some of them imprisoned or "executed. Louis took notice of this trespass on the imperial rights, and sent his nephew Bernard to investigate it; but Leo succeeded in pacifying him by an embassy. He died June 12, 816. He was a man of small capacity, unduly magnified in later times by the importance attached to his coronation of Charlemagne. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: The Epistolm are in Jaffd, BRG, iv. 308- 334, and Bouquet, Recueil, v. 597-604. Sources are: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 1 sqq., Paris, 1892; and the annals collected in MGH, Script., i. 1826. Consult: F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, ii. 460- 493, London, 1894; J. A. Ketterer, Karl der Grosse und die Kirche, Munich, 1898; Hauck, KD, ii. passim; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. iii. passim; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xii. 399-401 et passim; Bower, Popes, ii. 173-192; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 454 sqq.; Neander, Christian Church, vol. iii. passim; Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 455; DCB, iii. 674-679; and also much of the literature under Charlemagne.
Leo IV. : Pope 847-855. He was elected at the end of January and consecrated Apr. 10, without waiting for imperial confirmation, on pretext of danger from the Saracens. For the same reason he zealously pushed the new fortifications of Rome, and thus strengthened the papal independence. The legal relations with the empire were not, however, substantially altered; Leo acknowledged the theoretical supremacy of the emperor in both temporal and spiritual matters, even while he endeavored to efface the recollection of its past exercise. In purely spiritual questions he acted unhesitatingly as the supreme head of Christianity. He showed his conception of his see as " mistress and head of all churches " (Jaffe, Regesta, 2647) by refusing his assent to the decrees of the Synod of Soissons (853) and requiring a new one to be held in presence of his legate (see Hincmah of Reims), as well as by reproaching Ignatius of Constantinople for holding a synod and deposing certain bishops without his sanction, and finally summoning both parties to Rome (see Photius). He died July 17, 855.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: The Epistolm et decreta are in MPL, cxv. 655-674, cf. cxxix. 999-1002. Sources for a life are the Vita with commentary in ASB, July, iv. 302-326; Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 106 sqq., Paris, 1892; and the annals collected in MGH, Script., i. 1826. Consult: F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 91-111, London, 1895; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xii. 406-409; Bower, Popes, ii. 217-220; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 18-20; Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 459. Much of the literature cited under Gregory IV. is pertinent.
Leo V.: Pope 903. He ruled only a month from his consecration in August, was then overthrown and imprisoned, and soon died.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Sources for a life are: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 234, Paris, 1892; Jaff^, Regesta, i. 444; J. M. Watterich, Romanorum pontificum . . vitas, i. 32, Leipsic, 1862. Consult: F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 242, London, 1895; C. Diimmler, Auxilius und Bulgarius, Leipsic, 1866; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xii. 743; Bower, Popes, ii. 306; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 155.
Leo VI.: Pope 928-929. He was the son of the Roman primicerius Christophorus. All that is known of him is that he was elected in June, 928, and died probably in the following February.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Sources are: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne ii. 242, Paris, 1892; Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 453; J. M. Watterich, Romanorum pontificum vitw, i. 33, Leipsic, 1862. Consult: F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 282; Bower, Popes, ii. 311.
Leo VII.: Pope 936-939. He was consecrated early in Jan., 936, presumably the choice of the younger Alberic, then in power. He was a pious monk, allied with the Cluniac movement, and what is known of his papal acts is principally confined to efforts for monastic reform. He died in July, 939.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: His Epistolce are in Bouquet, Recueil, vol. ix. Consult: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 244, Paris, 1892; Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 455-456; J. M. Watterich, Romanorum pontificum vitce, i. 33, Leipsic, 1862;
E. Sackur, Die Cluniacenser, Halle, 1892; F. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome, iii. 306-317, London, 1895; Bower, Popes, ii. 312-313; and the literature under John XI.
Leo VIII. : Pope 963-965. He was elected Dec.
4 to replace John XII., who had been deposed by
Otto I. For a time he was driven from Rome,
but was restored by Otto after John's death, and
his new rival, Benedict V., was deposed in June,
964, at a synod held in the emperor's presence (see
John XII.; Benedict V.). Leo died, however, in
the following spring. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 250,
Paris, 1892; Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 467-468; J. M. Watterich,
Romanorum pontificum . vital, i. 42-43; A. Ens,
Pythagoras novus excussus, Liege, 1767; Ceillier, Auteurs
sacres, xii. 831-833; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of
Rome, iii. 348-357, London, 1895; Bower, Popes, ii. 319-
320; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 183-185; Neander,
Christian Church, iii. 368; Schaff, Christian Church, iv.
290.
Leo IX. (Bruno, son of Count Hugo of Egisheim in Alsace, a cousin of the Emperor Conrad II.) : Pope 1048-54. He was born at Egisheim (2 m. w. of Colmar) June 21, 1002, and had already distinguished himself by a model administration as bishop of Toul when, by command of Henry III. and on request of the Roman delegates, he was chosen pope at the diet in Worms early in Dec, 1048, succeeding Damasus II. Talented, energetic, lovable, experienced, and in close touch with the movement for a reform in church life emanating from Cluny (q.v.), he was highly qualified for the office tendered to him. His reception in Rome was brilliant, and, at his own request, he was there again elected and then assumed the pontifical government, being enthroned on Feb. 12, 1049. Hildebrand (see Gregory VII.), who in 1046 had been obliged to accompany Gregory VI. to Germany, returned to Rome in Leo's retinue, and was now received into the body of cardinals. Of still greater significance was the importation of other forces. The episcopal see of Silva Candida was assigned to the monk Humbert (q.v.); Hugo the White (q.v.) was promoted as cardinal priest of St. Clement in Rome; Stephen of Lorraine obtained an abbot's post in Rome; and Archbishop Frederick, brother of Duke Godfrey of Lorraine, was called from Liege.
Leo held his first Roman synod in the Lateran Apr. 9-12, 1049, and there laid the foundation and outlined the policy of his whole administration. His first attempt at reform aimed to suppress simony. The synod approved the deposition of simoniacal bishops, but, with clamorous protest, refused
Leo IX-X