RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Leo IX-X
pseudo-Isidorian code (see Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals) in the practical life of the Church, paved the way for the later supreme domina- Leo's tion of the papacy under Gregory VII. Achieve- His extensive journeys were a wellments. chosen means of coming into personal contact with the various parts of the Church; and his plan of combining with his visits church consecrations and translations, in so far as these festivals afforded opportunity for the vast multitude to see the head of the Church, not only enhanced the popularity of Leo himself, but likewise the prestige of the papacy as an institution. Of no smaller significance was the revival and further development of church synods. Under Leo the synods again became vehicles and centers of ecclesiastical life, at the same time proving an available arm for strengthening, or at least reviving, the connection between the episcopate and Peter's throne. This result was also effected through the manifold honors which Leo was wont to bestow on occasion of his journeys; and no less so by his manner of having himself escorted by devoted prelates, such as Archbishop Halinard of Lyons, Archbishop Hugo of Besancon, and Abbot Hugo of Cluny. There can be no doubt that these measures were part of a systematic policy on the part of the pope. Nevertheless this tendency toward centralization of the church life had no disquieting effect upon Leo's contemporaries, as it was associated with an energetic procedure against the vice of simony and the custom of sacerdotal marriage, wherein the circle of the Cluny reform party discerned the greatest perils to the life of the Church. When Leo ascended the throne, he was the trusted advocate of this group, and he thoroughly fulfilled the hopes that were entertained of him from that quarter. There could be no question, again, of a real jeopardizing of the independence of the episcopate under Leo IX., or of an aggressive movement against the temporal State, although some attempts in this direction and the germs of complications may be remarked; but they did not, as yet, mature, nor was the situation with reference to Henry III. clouded by the recognition of a fundamental antagonism. It is true that Leo's achievements are offset by too decided attention to Italian territorial politics, and by the initiation of the great schism of the Eastern Church (see CiERULARius, Michael; Eastern Church, II., § 4). However, it must not be overlooked that this catastrophe was the culmination of developments embracing hundreds of years ; and in so far as the personalities then on the stage can be made accountable for the same at all, it is not so much Leo IX. who incurs the burden of blame as his representatives. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: For the Epistolm, diplomata et decreta consult: MPL, cxliii.; MGH, Bpist., iii (1883), 261-728; NA, iv. 192-195; Jaffe, Regesta, i. 529-549, ii. 749; Tabularium Casinense, i. 378 sqq., Monte Casino, 1887; P. Kehr, Nachrichten von der koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gbttingen, philosophisch-historische Klasse, 1898, part i, p. 311, 1899, part i. pp. 216-218, 1900, part ii. 142-146, part iii. 309-310, 1901, part i. PP. 83-84. Bibliographies are found in F. Cerroti, Bibliografiadi Roma medievale e moderna, i. 353 sqq., Rome, 1893; U. Chevalier, Repertoire des sources historiques du moyen age, p. 1373, and Supplement, p. 2708, Paris, 1877-1888.
An early anonymous Vita is reproduced in 8. Borgia, Memorie istoriche delta pontificia, ii. 299-348, Rome, 1764' Other lives, including those by Bruno and Guibert', with accounts of his death and miracles, are found in MPL cxliii. 465-548, clxv. 1109-1122, and in ASB, April, ii! 642-674. A Germ, transl. of Guibert was issued by P. P. Brucker, Strasburg, 1902; cf. J. May, Zur Kritik mittelalterlicher Geschichtsquellen, Offenburg, 1889. Modern lives are: L. Spach, Strasburg, 1864; O. Delarc Pans, 1876; L. Winterer, Rixheim, 1886; W Martens' 2 vols., Leipsic, 1894; KL, vii. 1787-95. On the place of his birth consult: Fischer, Recherches sur U lieu de la naissance du Leon IX., Nantes, 1873; P. P. Dexen
Ou est ne Leon IX., Strasburg, 1884; L. G. Glockler'
Geburtsort des . . Leo IX., ib. 1892. Further material on the general subject will be found in C. Will, Die Anfange der Restauration der Kirche im 11. Jahrhundert, Marburg, 1859; L. Duhamel, Leon IX. et les monasteres de Lorraine, Epinal, 1869; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, ii' 213 sqq., Elberfeld, 1869; J. Hergenrother, Photius, iii. 735 sqq., Regensburg, 1869; W. Martens, Die Besetzung des papstlichen Stuhles unter . . Heinrich III. und IV., pp. 25 sqq., Freiburg, 1887; W. Brooking, Die franzosische Politik Papst Leos IX., Stuttgart, 1891; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, iii. 445-485, Bonn, 1892; C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregor XII., Leipsic! 1894; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iv. 74- 90, London, 1896; H. Gerdes, Geschichte der salischen Kaiser und ihrer Zeit, pp. 100-111, Leipsic, 1898; J. von Pfiugk-Harttung, Die Bullen der Papste, pp. 160 sqq., Gotha, 1901; J. Drehmann, Papst Leo IX. und die Simonie, Leipsic, 1908; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xiii. 199-214; Hefele, Conciliengeschichle, iv. 716 sqq.; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 378-386; Moeller, Christian Church, ii. 229-230; Bower, Popes, ii. 343-361; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 240-283; and the literature under Berengar; Gregory XII.
Leo X. (Giovanni de' Medici, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent): Pope 1513-21. He was born in Florence Dec. 11, 1475, and was destined by his father for the spiritual career with the intent that he should eventually attain to the highest office in the Church. This was anticipated in 1489 when Innocent VIII. on Lorenzo's motion nominated the lad of fourteen cardinal in petto. Four years later, when Giovanni's humanistic education, directed by Angelo Poliziano, Marsilio Ficino, Pico della Mirandola, and the author (subsequently Cardinal Bibbiena) of the immoral play II Cortigiano, was completed, and after a supplementary course of theology and canon law at Pisa, he put on the cardinal's insignia, and became occupied in affairs of the Curia. He also took part in the conclave which, very much against his wish, chose Alexander VI. to succeed Innocent VIII. after the unexpected death of the latter in 1492. Rome had now little attraction for Giovanni and he scarcely visited the city until 1500, spending his time in Venice, Germany, and Flanders. His ascendency with the Curia did not set in till the time of Julius II., in 1503, when the pope's eagerness to aggrandize his family ran parallel with like interests of the Medici, and on both sides a comprehensive culture of humanistic and artistic endeavors appeared as a matter of course. The Medicean cardinal gained important political influence in 1509, when appointed governor in Bologna, though this was ended by the defeat of the papal power at Ravenna Apr. 11, 1512, when the governor himself was captured. While being transported to Milan, however, he escaped the French and reached Florence, where the pope also was present.
When Julius II. died in the early part of 1513,
Leo X-XIII