THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Thomas Aquinas in Rome, together with the creation of a Congregation of Studies; the [partial] opening of the Vatican archives (1884) [Protestant scholars, however, are debarred from examining the papal archives in the period immediately prior to, in, or since the Protestant revolt]; the encyclical " Providentissimus Deus " on Scripture, and the appointment of the Biblical Commission in 1902. His interest in social questions and his zeal for the betterment of social conditions were manifested not only in his encyclical on Socialism issued in 1878, in his letter to the bishops of Brazil, and his encyclical on the condition of working men, but also in his attitude of tolerance with regard to the Knights of Labor, and in the encouragement and support given to Cardinal Lavigerie (q.v.) in his campaign against the African slave-trade.
Among the more important official acts of his administration besides those already mentioned are the following: In 1878 a bull reestablishing the Roman Catholic hierarchy in Scotland; in the same year the encyclical " Inscrutabili " dealing with the
evils which beset society in Christian
Official countries; in 1880, the encyclical " Ar-
Acts. canum " on Christian marriage; in
1881 the encyclical " Diuturnum " in defense of the principle of rightful authority in the Church; in 1884 a bull authorizing the assembly of the third plenary Council of Baltimore; in 1893, sending of the first apostolic delegate to the United States. During his pontificate he remained always within the precincts of the Vatican, and in his private life he was simple, studious and devout. He was exceptionally well versed in scholastic philosophy, and his Latin poetry, written by way of pastime, is quite classical in its ease and elegance. Among his favorite devotions was that of the rosary, which by official letters he did much to promote throughout the Church. He passed away after a long and fruitful pontificate on July 20, 1903. James F. Driscoll.
Bibliography: Leo's Great Encyclical Letters have been translated, New York, 1903; also his Poems, Charades and Inscriptions, ib. 1902. Among the many lives which have been written, mention may be made of J. McCarthy, London, 1896; J. Oldcastle, ib. 1887; B. O'Reilly, ib. 1887; J. de Narfon, ib. 1899; G. Freund, Munster, 1902; B. D'Agen, Paris, 1907; De T'Serclaes, Bruges, 1907. Also cf. F. Nippold, Geschichte des Katholizismus, pp. 155 sqq., Berlin, 1901.
LEON (PONCE DE LEON), LUIS DE: Spanish poet and theologian; b. at Belmonte (90 m. s.e. of Madrid) 1527; d. at Madrigal (50 m. e.n.e. of Salamanca) Aug. 23, 1591. He joined the Augustinians at the age of sixteen, having already begun the study of theology under Melchior Cano at Salamanca, where he became professor in 1561 and proved a brilliant expounder of systematic theology. His method of always going back to the sources, especially the Scriptures and the Fathers, furnished occasion to two envious colleagues and other enemies to accuse him falsely of inclinations toward the Reformation and he was committed to the prison of the Inquisition at Valladolid in 1572, charged with expressing offensive and heretical opinions in his lectures and in an attempt to correct the text of the socalled edition of the Vulgate of Frunciscus Vatablus
(q.v.) and in a commentary on the Song of Songs. After weary waiting he was acquitted on Dec. 15 1576, and restored to his professorship. He began his first lecture after his long imprisonment with the words, Heri dicebamus (" As we were saying yesterday "). The acts of his trial are printed in Documentos ineditos, vols. x. and xi. (Madrid, 1847). His Spanish writings, which include his poems, were issued by the Augustinian Antonio Merino (6 vols., Madrid 1804-16), and recently the Augustinians have edited his Latin writings (7 vols., Salamanca 1891-95). K. Benrath.
Bibliography: Sources are the Documentos ineditos, ut sup. Consult: Jose' Gonzales de Tejada, Vida de Fray Luis de Leon, Madrid, 1863; C. A. Wilkens, Fray Luis de Leon, Halle, 1866 (cf. H. Reusch, in TLB, 1867, pp. 478 sqq.); F. H. Reusch, Luis de Leon und die spanische Inquisition, Bonn, 1S73; G. Ticknor, Hist, of Spanish Literature, ii. 75-87, Boston, 1864.
LEONARD, len'ard, DELEVAN LEVANT: Congregationalist; b. at Pendleton, N. Y., July 20, 1834. He was graduated at Hamilton College in 1859 and Union Theological Seminary in 1862. He was ordained in 1863, and held pastorates at New Preston, Conn., 1863-65, Darlington, Wis., 1865- 1870, Normal, 111., 1870-74, Hannibal, Mo., 1874- 1875, and Northfield, Minn., 1875-81. He was then superintendent of home missions in Utah, Idaho, Montana, and adjacent territories 1881-87, after which he was pastor of the Congregational church at Bellevue, O., until 1892. Since 1893 he has been associate editor of The Missionary Review of the World. In theology he classes himself " among the liberal-conservatives, not caring for mere novelties in speculation, but ready to accept new statements of Christian truth if seemingly established by evidence, even in the realm of higher criticism." He has written : The Story of Oberlin (Boston, 1895) ; A Hundred Years of Missions (New York, 1895); Missionary Annals of the Nineteenth Century (Cleveland, O., 1899); and History of Carleton College (Chicago, 1904).
LEONARD, WILLIAM ANDREW: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Ohio; b. at Southport, Conn., July 15, 1848. He was educated at St. Stephen's College, Annandale, N. Y., from which, however, he was not graduated, and Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Conn., from which he was graduated in 1871. He was curate of Holy Trinity, Brooklyn (1871-72), rector of the Church of the Redeemer, Brooklyn (1872-81), and of St. John's, Washington (1881-89). In 1889 he was consecrated bishop of Ohio. He was chaplain of the Twenty-third Regiment of the New York State National Guard, and from 1897 to 1906 was in charge of the Ameriican Episcopal churches on the continent of Europe. In theology he is a High-churchman. He has written: Via Sacra (New York, 1875); History of the Christian Church (1883); and Witness of the American Church to Christ (New York, 1895).
Bibliography: W. S. Perry, The Episcopate in America, p. 317, New York, 1895.
LEONTIUS, le-en'shins, OF BYZANTIUM: One of the most important Greek theologians of the first half of the sixth century; d. about 543. So many points in regard to his life and works are still