THE NEW
SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MAOAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
(Editor-in- C /)
WITH THE SOLE ASSISTANCE, AFTER VOLUME VI., OF
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editor)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
fARENCE AUGUSTINE BECK WITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology)
,i£NRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations)
iMFS FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament)
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
[Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department oLJk^Mnbialian and 'Iktuaaravhy)
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FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON
EDITORS
SAMUEL MACATTLEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
(Editor-in-Chief. ) Professor of Church History, New York University.
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editor.) New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary.
DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME VII
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,
{Department of Systematic Theology.)
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological
Seminary.
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.,
(Department of Minor Denominations.)
Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section
for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference.
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.,
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.) Rector of St. Gabriel's, New Rochelle, N. Y.
JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.,
(Department of the Old Testament.)
Professor of Oriental Languages, University College,
Toronto.
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.,
(Department of the New Testament.) Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.,
(Department of Church History.)
Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist
Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Tex.
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.,
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)
Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionary, etc.,
New York City.
CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME VII
HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Theology, University of Halle.
JEAN GERARD RICHARD ACQUOY D.D.,
(t),
Late Professor of Church History and the History of Dogma, University of Leyden.
OTTO WILHELM FERDINAND
ALBRECHT, Th.Lic,
Pastor at Naumburg-on-the-Saale. JOHN ALEXANDER BAIN, M.A.,
Pastor of the Westport and Newport Presbyterian Churches, County Mayo, Ireland.
EDOUARD BARDE (f), D.D.,
Late Professor of New Testament Exegesis, School of Theology, Geneva.
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,
Professor of Systematic Theology, Ghicago Theological Seminary.
HEINRICH BEHM, Ph.D.,
Superintendent in Doberan, Mecklenburg.
KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Konigsberg.
IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BENZINGER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem.
CARL ALBRECHT BERNOULLI, Th.Lic,
Author at Arlesheim, near Basel.
CARL BERTHEAU, Th.D.,
Pastor of St. Michael's, Hamburg.
BERNHARD BESS, Th.Lic,
Librarian, University of Halle.
WILLIAM LLOYD BE VAN, Ph.D.,
Assistant Editor of The Churchman, New York City.
EDWIN MUNSELL BLISS, D.D.,
Author of Books on Missions, Washington, D. C.
THEODORA CROSBY BLISS,
Writer on Missions.
VI
CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME VII.
HEINRICH BOEHMER, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,
Professor of Church History, University of Bonn.
HERMANN BjOENIG,
Gymnasial Professor in Konigsberg.
AMY GASTON CHARLES AUGTJSTE
BONET-MAURY, D.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Church History, Independent School of Divinity, Paris.
GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH, Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of GSttingen.
FRIEDRICH HEINRICH BRANDES, Th.D.,
Reformed Minister and Chaplain at B'iickeburg, SchaumburgTLippe.
CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS, D.D., Litt.D.,
Professor of Theological Encyclopedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
JAMES MONROE BUCKLEY, D.D., LL.D.,
Editor of The Christian Advocate, New York City.
OSKAR GOTTLIEB RUDOLF BUDDENSIEG (f), Ph.D., "*
Late Director of the Teacher's Seminary in Dresden.
FRANTS PEDER WILLIAM BUHL, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Oriental Languages, University of Copenhagen.
KARL BURGER (|), Th.D.,
Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Munich.
JACQUES EUGENE CHOISY, Th.D.,
Pastor in Geneva.
JOSEPH BOURNE CLARK, D.D.,
Editorial Secretary of the Congregational Home Missionary Society, New York.
FERDINAND COHRS, Th.Lic,
Consistorial Councilor, Ilfeld, Germany. HENRY COWAN, D.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
AUGUST HERMANN CREMER (f), Th.D.,
Late Professor of Systematic Theology, University of * Greifswald.
GUSTAV HERMAN DALMAN, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic,
and President of the German Evangelical Archeological
Institute, Jerusalem.
SAMUEL MARTIN DEUTSCH (f), Th.D., Late Professor of Church History, University of Berlin.
HENRY MARTYN DEXTER (f), D.D., Late Editor of The Congregationalist, Boston.