RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Lots, Hebrew Use of Lourdes
logians. This is explained by the fact that in his speculation ethical and religious needs come into their full rights. His philosophy represents a reaction against the ideological pantheism of Hegel, which seemed to sacrifice all individuality and variety in existence to a formal and abstract scheme of development. Lotze characterized his philosophical standpoint as teleological idealism, and he regarded ethics as the starting-point of metaphysics. While enforcing the mechanical view of nature, he sought to show that mechanism, the relation of cause and effect, is incomprehensible, except as the realization of a world of moral ideas. Thus, each causal series becomes at the same time a teleological series. Lotze worked out this reconciliation of mechanism and teleology by combining with the monads of Leibnitz (q.v., § 2) the absolute substance of Spinoza (q.v.), in which individual things (monads) are grounded, and through whose all-inclusive unity interrelation is possible. Some of Lotze's more important works are: Metaphysik (Leipsic, 1841); Logik (1843); Medizinische Psychologie oder Physiologie der Seele (1852); Mikrokosmus. Ideen zur Naturgeschichte und Geschichte der Menschheit (3 vols., 1856-64; Eng. transl., 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1885), his principal work; Geschichte der Aesthetik in Deutschland (Munich, 1868); and the unfinished System der Philosophie (vol. i., Logik, Leipsic, 1874; vol. ii., Metaphysik, 1879; Eng. transl. of both, 2 parts, Oxford, 1884). After Lotze's death appeared Diktate, notes from his lectures on the various philosophical disciplines (8 parts, Leipsic, 1882-84; Eng. transl. by G. T. Ladd, Outlines, 6 vols., Boston, 1884-1887); also Kleine Schriften (3 vols., Leipsic, 1885-1894). Hubert Evans.
Bibliography: An excellent bibliography, including references to material which appeared in periodical literature, is in J. M. Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, III., i. 347-350. Consult: E. von Hartmann, Lotze's Philosophie, Leipsic, 1888; L. Stahlin, Kant, Lotze und Ritschl, ib. 1888, Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1889; G. Vorbrodt, Principien der Bthik und der Religionsphilosophie Lotzes, Dessau, 1891; H. Jones, A Critical Account of the Philosophy of Lotze, Glasgow, 1895; H. C. King, An Outline of the Microcosmus of Hermann Lotze, Oberlin, 1895; G. T. Ladd, Lotze's Influence on Theology, in The New World, iv (1895), 401-421; A. Tienes, Lotze's Gedanken zu den Prinzipienfragen der Ethik, Heidelberg, 1896; W. Wallace, Lectures and Essays on Natural Theology and Ethics, Oxford, 1898; G. Pape, Lotze's religiose Weltanschauung, Erlangen, 1899; V. F. Moore, Ethical Aspects of Lotze's Metaphysics, New York, 1901.
LOUIS IX. : King of France and Roman Catholic saint; b. at Poissy (12 m. n.w. of Paris) Apr. 25, 1215; d. before Tunis Aug. 25, 1270. His father, Louis VIII. , died when he was only eleven years old, and he ascended the throne under the regency of his mother, Blanche of Castile (Nov. 15, 1226). His mother, a pious and very capable woman, had him educated by brothers of the Franciscan and Dominican orders. During the first years of his reign his nobles and later the bishops of the realm gave him much trouble, but he at last restored order in his kingdom.
In fulfilment of a vow made on a bed of sickness he undertook a crusade (1248). In August he sailed for Cyprus, the rendezvous of the crusaders,
with an army of 40,000. The next spring he set sail for Egypt, and landed at Damietta June 4, 1249. He took the town without a blow, then defeated a Mohammedan army and advanced up the Nile to Mansurah, whence he had to retreat, after fighting a battle with the Saracens. The king and his whole army were taken captive, but after tedious negotiations were set free for a large ransom. With the remnant of his army, scarcely 6,000 men, Louis sailed to Acre and stayed in the Holy Land four years, only returning to France when recalled by the death of his mother whom he had left as regent (Nov., 1252). He undertook a pilgrimage to Nazareth in thankfulness for his release from captivity. In 1270 he led another crusade to Tunis, landing in July at the site of Carthage, where a pestilence broke out in his army to which the king himself succumbed. His son Philip III. made peace with the emir and returned to France, carrying the ashes of his father.
Louis was canonized by Boniface VIII., Aug. 11, 1297; his day is Aug. 25. From his earliest childhood he was of a pious disposition and delighted in prayers and penances. Although naturally gentle, Louis was intolerant toward heretics and infidels, and was accustomed to say that the only way to deal with a Jew was to strike him with your sword. He was also superstitious; he brought back from the Holy Land the crown of thorns and a portion of the true cross, for which he built the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris. The authenticity of the famous Pragmatic Sanction of 1269 (q.v.) has been questioned. In this document he asserts the independence of the Gallican Church against the claims of the pope.
Bibliography: The lives of Louis are very numerous; the most noted is by Le Nain de Tillemont, ed. J. de Gaulle, 6 vols., Paris, 1846-51. Others are by A. Mignon, ib. 1853; J. A. Faure, 2 vols., ib. 1865; F. P. G. Guizot, Great Christians of France, St. Louis and Calvin, London, 1869; Hermitte, ib. 1876; V. Verlaque, ib. 1885; C. V. Langlois, ib. 1886; H. Wallon, 2 vols., ib. 1887; M. Sepet, ib. 1898; M. H. F. Delaborde, ib. 1899. Consult further, P. Viollet, Les Etablissements de S. Louis, 4 vols., ib. 1881- 1886; J. Michelet, Philippe-Auguste et S. Louis, ib. n.d.; A. Lecoy de la Marche, <S. Louis, son gouvernement et sa politique, ib. 1887; E. Berger, S. Louis et Innocent IV., ib. 1893; S. de Froissart, S. Louis et les croisades, ib. 1896; M. Fromman, Landgraf Ludwig III. der Fromme, Jena, 1907; and the literature under Crusades.
LOURDES: A city of France in the department of the Hautes-Pyr6nees, situated near the river Gave-du-Pau about 22 miles s.e. of Pau. Lourdes was a fortified town as far back as the time of the Caesars and still possesses a cMteau fort. The inhabitants number about 5,000. During the last half century Lourdes has become famous throughout the Roman Catholic world in consequence of the series of alleged apparitions of the Virgin Mary to Bernadette Soubirous, a child of the town, in 1858. The girl, who at that time was fourteen years of age, is described as being somewhat infirm in health, and inferior both in physical and mental development to the average child of her age. She belonged to a poor peasant family, and was simple and ignorant, knowing neither how to read nor write, and unable to speak French — her language being the patois of the locality. The
Lourdes Love