THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
degree he was obliged to leave Oxford for refusing to subscribe Archbishop Laud's canons. He went to London, and became domestic chaplain to the sheriff, and took a bold stand against the errors of the Book of Common Prayer and the religious tyranny of the times. He was cast into prison on account of an aggressive sermon at Newcastle, and in various ways persecuted in London. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was made preacher to the garrison of Windsor Castle, where he gave great offense to the prelatical party by his pointed utterances. He was one of the first to receive presbyterial ordination under the new organization in Jan. 23, 1644, at Aldermanbury, London; and became pastor of St. Laurence Jewry in London, where he was highly esteemed for the eloquence and vigor of his preaching. He was a strong Presbyterian, the leader of the younger men of that party. In this way he became involved in a treasonable correspondence with the Presbyterians of Scotland to restore Charles II.; and, with many others, was arrested May 7, 1651, and chosen to make an example of, to check the Presbyterian agitation against Cromwell and in favor of Charles II. He was condemned and beheaded on Tower Hill, Aug. 22, 1651. This excited the indignation and wrath of the entire Presbyterian party, which had petitioned, by ministerial bodies and parishes, in vain for his pardon. He went to his death as their hero and martyr. His funeral sermon was preached by Thomas Manton to an immense sympathizing audience. His sermons were published, after his death, under the auspices of the leading Presbyterians of London. The most important of his works are: Grace, the Truth and Growth, and different Degrees thereof (226 pp., London, 1652); Heaven's Glory, Hell's Terror (350 pp., 1653); Combate between the Flesh and the Spirit (292 pp., 1654); Treatise of Effectual Calling (218 pp., 1658); The Natural Man's Case Stated (8vo, 280 pp., 1658); Select Works (8vo, Glasgow, 1806-07, 2 vols.). C. A. Briggs.
Bibliography: D. Neal, Hist, of the Puritans, ed. J. Toulmin, 5 vols., Bath, 1793-97; W. Wilson, Hist, and Antiquities of the Dissenting Churches in London, i. 332, iii. 330, 4 vols., London, 1808-14; Memoirs of the Life of Ambrose Barnes, ed. W. H. D. Longstaffe for the Surtees Society, no. 50, Durham, 1867; W. A. Shaw, Hist, of the English Church 1640-1660, ii. 149, 321, 404, London,
1900; DNB, xxxiv. 155-157.
LOVE, WILLIAM DE LOSS: Congregationalist; b. at New Haven, Conn., Nov. 29, 1851. He was graduated from Hamilton College (A.B., 1873), and And over Theological Seminary (1878); was instructor in mathematics and natural science in the Military Academy at Leicester, Mass., in 1873- 1874, and principal of the Broadway Grammar School, Norwich, Conn., in 1874-75. After being pastor of the Evangelical Congregational Church, Lancaster, Mass., from 1878 to 1881, he traveled and engaged in commercial pursuits until 1885, besides acting as supply for the Second Congregational Church, Keene, N. H., for a year. Since 1885 he has been pastor of the Farmington Avenue Church, Hartford, Conn. He has written The Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England (Boston, 1895) and Samson Occom and the Christian Indians of New England (1900).
LOW CHURCH. See England, Chitrch of.
LOWDER, CHARLES FUGE: London mission preacher; b. at Bath June 22, 1820; d. at Zell-am- See (40 m. s.s.w. of Salzburg), Austria, Sept. 9, 1880. He studied at King's College School, London, and at Exeter College, Oxford (B.A., 1843; M.A., 1845), and took orders in 1843. He was curate at Walton, near Glastonbury, 1843-44, chaplain of the Axbridge workhouse 1844-45, curate of Tetbury, Gloucestershire, 1845-51, then curate at St. Barnabas' Church, Pimlico, 1851-56. In 1856 he entered upon his life-work as head of the mission at St. George's-in-the-East. The scene of his labors was in East London, among the lowest classes. Through his efforts was erected St. Peter's Church, London Docks, which was consecrated in 1866. Lowder became vicar of the new church and remained in this charge till his death. He held Highchurch views, was a strict ritualist, and resembled a Roman Catholic priest in his celibacy and his general mode of life. He published, besides some pamphlets, Ten Years in St. George's Mission (London, 1867); and Twenty-one Years in St. George's Mission (1877). Bibliography: Charles Lowder, a Biography, London, 1882;
DNB, xxxiv. 187.
LOWE, WILLIAM HENRY : Church of England; b. at Whaplode Drove (42 m. s.s.e. of Lincoln), Lincolnshire, Apr. 10, 1848. He was educated at Christ College, Cambridge (B.A., 1871; M.A., 1874). He was Hebrew lecturer in his college (1874-91), and chaplain there (1874-S1). He was curate of Fen Ditton, Cambridgeshire (1873-75); Milton (1880-82); Willingham (1886-90); and vicar of Fen Drayton (1890-91); and since 1891 at Brisley, Norfolk. He has edited: The Psalms, with Introductions and critical Notes (in conjunction with A. C. Jennings; 2 vols., London, 1877); has written: The Hebrew Student's Commentary on Zechariah (1884); the commentaries on Zechariah and Malachi in Ellicott's Bible for English Readers (1884); and A Hebrew Grammar (1887); and translated: Twelve Odes of Hafiz (Cambridge, 1877); and Muntakhab-i Tawarikh (Calcutta, 1884).
LOWER SAXON CONFEDERATION: A federation of Reformed churches in Lower Saxony which has existed for more than two centuries. It is the one church body in Germany in which the Presbyterian system was fully carried out. In Electoral Hanover, especially in the cities of Celle, Liineburg, Hameln, and Hanover, Huguenot fugitives had been received and had formed congregations, also in the neighboring territories of Schaumburg-Lippe and Brunswick. On Nov. 13, 1699, it was decided at Hanover to establish a closer union between these scattered members of the Reformed Church. German Reformed bodies in Hanover, Celle, and Biickeburg joined the confederation. The governments of Brunswick-Luneburg and Schaumburg-Lippe gave permission for the establishment of the confederation, granting the union and its congregations self-government but reserving the so-called jura circa sacra. The first synod of the United Reformed churches in Lower Saxony was held in July, 1703, at Hameln. The government