THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
and studied at Winchester and at New College, Oxford (B.A., 1733; M.A., 1737; D.D., 1754). In 1735 he was instituted to the vicarage of Overton, Hampshire, and, in 1741, was appointed to the professorship of poetry at Oxford, which he held till 1750. He became archdeacon of Winchester in 1750, rector of Woodhay, Hampshire, in 1753, prebendary of Durham and rector of Sedgefield in 1755, and bishop of St. David's in 1766. He was translated to the see of Oxford the same year and to the see of London in 1777. In this position he remained till his death, having declined the primacy in 1783. Lowth achieved permanent fame by his lectures on Hebrew poetry, De sacra poesi Hebrceorum prcelectiones academicoe Oxonii habitce (Oxford, 1753; 3d ed., 1775; ed. J. D. Michaelis, 2 parts, Gottingen, 1770; ed. E. F. C. Rosenmuller, Leipsic, 1815; reprinted, with notes by Rosenmuller, C. Weiss, K. F. Richter and others, Oxford, 1821; Eng. transl., 2 vols., London, 1787, and frequently); and by his Isaiah, a New Translation, with Notes (London, 1778; 13th ed., 1842; Germ, transl., 4 vols., Leipsic, 1779-81). Another important work by Lowth is his Life of William of Wykeham (London, 1758; 3d ed., Oxford, 1777). P. Hall collected and edited, with introductory memoir, his Sermons and Other Remains (London, 1834).
Bibliography: An anonymous Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Bishop Lowth appeared London, 1787; DNB, xxxiv. 214-216 gives a list of scattered references. Consult further: S. A. Allibone, Critical Dictionary of English Literature, I 1140-1141, Philadelphia, 1891; C. A. Briggs, Study of Holy Scripture, pp. 226 sqq. et passim, New York, 1899; J. H. Overton and F. Relton, The English Church (.1714-1800), pp. 170-172 et passim, London, 1906.
LOWTH, WILLIAM: English theologian; b. at London Sept. 3, 1660; d. at Buriton (17 m. e.s.e. of Winchester), Hampshire, May 17, 1732. He was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School, London, and at St. John's College, Oxford (B.A. 1679; M.A., 1683; B.D. and D.D., 1688), where he became a fellow. With his Vindication of the Divine Authority and Inspiration of the Old and New Testament (London, 1692), an answer to Le Clerc, he attracted the attention of Peter Mew, bishop of Winchester, who made him his chaplain, gave him a prebend in Winchester Cathedral in 1696, and presented him to the living of Buriton and Petersfield, Hampshire, in 1699. While less eminent than his son, Robert Lowth, he was probably the profounder scholar of the two. Many scholars were indebted to him for valuable assistance. In addition to the work mentioned he published Directions for the Profitable Reading of the Holy Scriptures (London, 1708), a little work that has gone through many editions; and a now superseded commentary on the prophets (1714-25), which has been frequently reprinted as a continuation of Bishop Patrick's commentary.
Bibliography: S. A. Allibone, Critical Dictionary of English Literature, p. 1141, Philadelphia, 1891; DNB, xxxiv. 216-217.
LOYOLA. See Ignatius of Loyola.
LOYSON, lwa"sen, CHARLES JEAN MARIE AUGUSTIN HYACINTHE (Father Hyacinthe): French Independent; b. at Orleans Mar. 10, 1827.
He was educated privately and at the Seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris, where he studied from 1845 to 1849. He was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood in 1851, and was then professor of philosophy at the Seminary of Avignon in 1851-54, and of dogmatic theology at the Seminary of Nantes in 1854-56. Already a member of the Sulpician order, he was curate of St. Sulpice, Paris, in 1856- 1857, but, determining to enter the monastic life, he made a six months' novitiate in the Dominican order in 1858. This not being sufficiently severe, he entered the order of Discalced Carmelites in 1862, and rapidly attained fame as a preacher. The freedom of his utterances, however, was such as to draw upon him the admonition of the general of his order, and in 1869 he was excommunicated. He then went to the United States, where he was greeted with fervor. By this time his break with the Church had become final, and in 1871 he attended the Old Catholic conference at Munich. In the following year Loyson went to Rome, where he established the Esperance de Rome, and in the same year still further manifested his antipathy for his former faith by marrying a widow who had long been working against certain distinctive doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. From 1873 to 1874 he was an Old Catholic pastor at Geneva, but disapproving the rationalistic views of the Old Catholics, he again visited London, only to return before long to Paris, where he sought in vain to have his religious services authorized by the government. In 1877, however, he was permitted to hold private services, and speedily opened a " Catholic Gallican Church," which was legalized in 1883. Loyson remained at its head until 1884, since which year he has resided at Geneva, part of the time seeking to found a religious society in which Christians, Jews, and Mohammedans may all join in worship. Among his numerous writings, special mention may be made of the following : La Famille (Paris, 1867); La Societe civile dans ses rapports avec le christianisme (1867); De la reforme catholique (1872; Eng. transl. by his wife, Catholic Reform, London, 1874); Liturgie de I'eglise catholique de Geneve a I'usage des fideles (Neuchatel, 1873); Catholicisme et protestantisme (1873; Eng. transl., London, 1874); Trois conferences au Cirque d'hiver (Paris, 1877); Les Principes de le reforme catholique (1878; Eng. transl. by Lady Durand, London, 1879); Liturgie de I'eglise catholique-gallicane (1879); La Reforme catholique et Viglise anglicane (1879; Eng. transl. by Lady Durand, London, 1879) ; Ni clericaux ni athees (1890); Mon testament (1893; Eng. transl. by F. Ware, London, 1895); Qui est le Christ f Pour les juifs, les Chretiens et les musulmans (1900); and L'Atheisme contemporaine (1907).
Bibliography: Consult the Preface, by F. W. Farrar, to the Eng. transl. of Mon testament, ut sup.
LUARD, HENRY RICHARDS: Church of England; b. in London Aug. 17, 1825; d. at Cambridge May 1, 1891. He was educated at King's College, London, and at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1847; M.A., 1850; B.D., 1875; D.D., 1878). He became fellow of Trinity College (1849) and was assistant tutor in mathematics there (1855-