RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Margaret of Navarre Marheineke
he granted her was used largely for charity. In 1538 she established a foundling asylum under the name of " Hospice des enfants de Dieu le Pere," commonly known from the costume of the inmates as " Les enfants rouges." On Oct. 20, 1548, she unwillingly gave her decidedly Protestant daughter, Jeanne d'Albret, in marriage to the vain and untrustworthy Antoine de Bourbon. Little more than a year later, after a long illness, she died, and was lamented and eulogized by native and foreign poets, as she well deserved to be. G. Bonet-Maury. Bibliography: Her works include: Le Miroir de I'dme pechereaae, au quel elle recongnoist sea faultea et pechez, aussi lea grdcea et benefices a elle faictz par Jesus Christ soneapoux, Alencon, 1531, and elsewhere often, e.g., Paris, 1533, Lyons, 1538, Eng. transl. by Princess Elizabeth, A Godly Medytacion of the Christen Sowle, London (?), 1548; Poesies et dialogue entre Marguerite de France et . Charlotte de France, Alencon, 1533; Les Margueritea, ut sup., 2 vols., Lyons, 1547; L'Heptameron, Paris, 1559, and elsewhere in innumerable editions and translations. Her letters are scattered in Letters di xiii. Huomini illustri, Venice, 1564; J. C. Wibel, Lebensgeschichte des . Siegmung von Hohenlohe, Nuremberg, 1748; Genin, Lettres de Marguerite d'Angouttme, Paris, 1841; A. Champollion, Captivite de Francois I., ib. 1842, and in A. L. Herminjard, Correspondance des reformateurs, Paris, 1878-97.
The most authoritative biography is in F. Frank's ed. of Les Marguerites de la Marguerite des princesses, Introduction, 4 vols., Paris, 1873. Consult: P. de Bourdeilles, Seigneur de Brant6me, Vie des dames illustres, discours v., ib. 1665-66; V. Durand, Marguerite de Navarre, 2 vols., ib. 1849; Miss M. W. Freer, Life of Marguerite, Queen of Navarre, 2 vols., London, 1857; H. A. Blind, Marguerite de Navarre dans ses rapports avec la reforme, Strasburg, 1858; H. de la Ferriere Percy, Marguerite d'AngouUme, Paris, 1862; V. Liiro, Marguerite d' AngouUme, ib. 1866; P. Albert, Litterature francaise au xvi. siecle, ib. 1881; J. Bonnet, in Bulletin de la societe du protestantisme francais, xxxvii. 109-114; F. Lotheissen, Kbnigin Margareth von Navarra; ein Kulturbild aus der franzoaischen Reformation, Berlin, 1885; Mary Robinson, Margaret of Angouleme, London, 1886; A. Lefranc, Les Idies religieuses de Marguerite de Navarre, Paris, 1898; P. A. Becker, Marguerite . . et G. Briconnet, ib. 1901; E. Sichel, Women and Men of the French Renaissance, 1498- 1647, London, 1901; Lichtenberger, ESR, viii. 679 sqq.
MARGARET, SAINT: Queen of Scotland; b. in Hungary c. 1045; d. at Edinburgh Nov. 16, 1093. She was of the royal family of England, granddaughter of Edmund I»onside, the last English king before the Danish usurpation (d. 1016). Her father and his brother were sent out of the country by Canute, and, as tradition has it, ultimately came to Hungary and there Margaret was born. She probably accompanied her father to England in 1057. Her marriage with Malcolm III. of Scotland took place in 1067 according to some authorities, in 1069 or 1070 according to others. She applied to Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, for instruction in the way of God's service, became distinguished for her austere and ascetic life, and did much to introduce Roman usages into the Scottish Church.
Bibliography: A' Vita, by a contemporary, probably her confessor, Turgot, is in ASB, June, ii. 320-340, an Eng. transl. of which is edited by W. Forbes-Leith, 3d ed., Edinburgh, 1896. Consult: W. F. Skene, Celtic Scotland, ii. 344-354, Edinburgh, 1877; W. J. Rees, Lives of the Cambro-British Saints, pp. 219-231, 540-553; Llandovery, 1853; A. P. Forbes, Kalendars of Scottish Saints, pp. 387-391, Edinburgh, 1872.
MARGARET, SAINT:
Need (q. v.).
One of the Helpers in
MARGARITA: The term applied in the Greek Church to the vessel containing the consecrated host, while the portions of the host reserved for the sick by the priests in special receptacles are called margaritai ("pearls"). These margaritai are then placed in the consecrated wine, dipped from it with a spoon, and given to the sick.
MARGOLIOUTH, maV'go-liuth, MOSES: Church of England; b. at Suwalki (150 m. n.e. of Warsaw), Poland, Dec. 3, 1820; d. in London Feb. 25, 1881. Of Jewish parentage he pursued rabbinical studies in Poland, but having been induced on a visit to England in 1837 to read the Hebrew New Testament he embraced Christianity and was baptized in Apr., 1838. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in Jan., 1840, and was ordained curate of St. Augustine's, Liverpool, in 1844. He served in many places as curate and vicar and in 1877 became vicar of Little Linford, Buckinghamshire. He wrote many books, chiefly on Hebrew subjects. His chief works are: Fundamental Principles of Modern Judaism (London, 1843); Pilgrimage to the Home of my Fathers (2 vols., 1850) ; History of the Jews in Great Britain (3 vols., 1851); Curates of Riversdale (3 vols., 1860); Vestiges of the Historic Anglo-Hebrews in East Anglia (1870); and Poetry of the Hebrew Pentateuch (1871).
Bibliography: Consult: Margoliouth's Curates of Riversdale, ut sup.; the autobiography prefixed to his Fundamental Principles of Modern Judaism, ut sup.; and DNB, xxxvi. 159.
MARGRETH, JOHANN JAKOB: German Roman Catholic; b. at Hamburg May 29, 1873. He was educated at the University of Munster (1892-94, 1900-01) and the Gregorian University, Rome (1894-1900), studying philosophy from 1892 to 1896 (Ph.D., Gregorian University, 1896) and theology from 1896 to 1900 (D.D., Gregorian University, 1900). After being a theological tutor in the dioceses of Osnabruck (1900-02) and Hildesheim (1902-03), he became privat-docent for apologetics at Munster in 1903. Three years later he was appointed to his present position of professor of moral theology at the Seminary of Mainz. He has written Das Gebetsleben Jesu Christi des Sohnes Gottes (Munster, 1902).
MARHEINEKE, mar-hai'ne-ke (until 1823 MARHEINECKE), PHILIPP KONRAD: German Protestant theologian; b. at Hildesheim (21 m. s.s.e. of Hanover) May 1, 1780; d. at Berlin May 31, 1846. After completing his theological education at Gottingen he became lecturer there, and in 1805 was appointed professor extraordinary and second university preacher at Erlangen. Two years later he was called as professor to Heidelberg, where he remained until he went to Berlin in 1811. His pretentiousness and bombastic style rendered him unpopular with his colleagues, nor were his sermons at the Dreifaltigkeitskirche, where he preached after 1820 as the colleague of Schleiermacher, well received. He began his literary career with his Universalkirchenhistorie (Erlangen, 1806) and with his Allgemeine Darstellung des theologischen Geistes der kirchlichen Verfassung und kanonischen Rechtwissenschaft in Bezug auf die
Marheineke Bfarinus