RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Marheineke Marinus
Clement XIV. and Pius VI. were also compelled to
take notice of the book. A German adaptation in
two volumes was published at Regensburg as late
as 1890 (2d ed., 1893). O. ZocKLERf.
Bibliography: S. J. Baumgarten, Nachrichten von merk-
wiirdigen Buchern, iv. 214 sqq., Halle, 1753; J. Gorres, Die
christliche Mystik, i. 482-495, Regensburg, 1836; A.M. da
Vicenza, Delia mislica cilta di Dio, Bologna, 1873; Germ.
transl. of a brief life from this book by B. M. Lierheimer,
Regensburg, 1875; J. Hergenrother, Kirchengeschichte,
iii. 526-528, Freiburg, 1886; F. H. Reusch, Der Index der
verbotenen BUcher, ii. 253-257, Bonn, 1885.
MARIAMNE, mar"i-am'ne: The name of three women connected with the family of Herod. See Hekod and his Family, I., §§ 2-4, II., § 4.
MARIANA, JUAN DE: Spanish Jesuit; b. at Talavera de la Reina (68 m. s.w. of Madrid) 1536; d. at Toledo Feb. 17, 1624. He entered the order of Jesus in 1554, and seven years later was appointed professor at the Collegium Romanum, where his chief subject was exegesis, in which his ability was shown by his Scholia in Vetus et Novum Testamentum (Madrid, 1619). In 1565 he was transferred to Sicily, and from 1569 to 1574 taught in Paris, where he gained distinction by his lectures on Thomas Aquinas, until his health forced him to return to Spain. The last fifty years of his life were spent in Toledo, and in this period falls his literary activity. His Histories de rebus Hispanice libri viginti-quinque (Toledo, 1592; later extended to thirty books, Frankfort, 1603; Eng. transl., to the death of Ferdinand the Catholic, by J. Stephens, 2 vols., London, 1699) won him the title of " the Spanish Livy."
Mariana's fame is chiefly due to his De rege et regis institutione libri tres (Toledo, 1599), which, sanctioned by his ecclesiastical superiors, contains one of the boldest defenses ever written of the sovereignty of the people and their right of rebellion against tyranny. The attack made by Mariana in his De monetce mutatione on the changes proposed in the coinage by Philip III. resulted in his imprisonment for a year in the Franciscan monastery at Madrid. This tractate, together with six others, some of which were subjected to censorship, was included in his Tractatus septem turn theologici turn politici (Cologne, 1609), which comprises De adventu beati Jacobi Apostoli in Hispaniam; De editione vulgata sanctorum bibliorum; De spectaculis; De monetae mutatione; De die et anno mortis Christi; De annis Arabum cum nostris annis comparatis; and De morte et immortalitate libri tres. In the closing decade of the sixteenth century Mariana wrote his De erroribus qui in forma gubernationis Societatis Jesu occurrunt. This was first printed in French at Bordeaux in 1624 during the struggle of the Jesuits with the University of Paris, and later appeared in Latin and Italian, as well as in the original Spanish (Geneva, 1631), but was placed on the Index when the Italian version appeared in 1628. Mariana was also the author of a number of minor works, and edited the Contra Albigensium errores of Lucas Tudensis (Ingolstadt,
1612). O. ZoCKLERf,
Bibliography: F. Buchholz, Juan de Mariana, Berlin,
1804; P. Bayle, Dictionary Historical and Critical, iv.
124-133, London, 1837; L. Ranke, Samtliche Werke,
xxiv. 230-236, xxxiv. 60 sqq., Leipsic, 1872-73; F. H. Reusch, Index der verbotenen Bucher, ii. 281-282, 341- 344, Bonn, 1883; idem, Beitrage zur Geschichte des'jesuitenordens, pp. 1-23, Munich, 1894; P. Krebs, Die politische Publizistik der Jesuiten, pp. 108-121, Halle, 1890; A. and A. de Backer, Bibliotheque des ecrivains de la societe de Jesus, ed. Sommervogel, v. 547-567, 7 vols., Liege, 1891 sqq.; H. Hurter, Nomenclator literarius recentioris theologiw catholics, i. 310-312, Innsbruck, 1892; Ranke Papacy, ii. 8, 86; KL, viii. 795-800.
MARIANISTS (Knights of the Glorious Virgin;
Fratres Gaudentes): A Roman Catholic order established among the nobility of Bologna about 1233 by the Dominican Bartolomeo de Bragantiis. Its object was to promote public safety during the struggles of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, and to assist widows, orphans, and all in distress. The first Grand Master was Loderino Andalo of Bologna. The Marianists were divided into conventuals and married, the rule of the order permitting not only marriage but also the possession of property and secular life, thus giving rise to the epithet of " Joyous Brothers " as applied to the knights. The habit of the knights was white, with an ashen-gray mantle bearing a red cross, while the conventuals wore a white or gray habit. Commanderies were gradually established in Modena, Mantua, Treviso, and several other cities of northern Italy, but by the end of the sixteenth century the Marianists declined, and at the death of their last commendator, Camillo Volta, in 1589, Sixtus V. presented their estates to the college of Montalto.
The Teutonic Knights were occasionally termed " Marianists " or " Knights of St. Mary," and a community of regular clergy established in 1588 by Giovanni Adorno of Genoa and St. Francisco Caraccioli of Naples was at first termed " Regular Clerks of St. Mary," although, at the wish of Sixtus V., this name was soon exchanged for " Regular Minor Clerks." In 1816 two French missionary societies were founded bearing the name of the Virgin: the " Oblates of the Immaculate Virgin Mary," founded by the Provencal Bishop J. E. de Mazenod (d. 1861) and soon numbering seventy houses in five provinces (three European and two American) ; and the " Society of Mary," founded by the Abb6 Colin, which was confirmed in 1836 and has since worked chiefly in Oceania. (O. ZocKLERf .)
MARINUS, mu-rai'ntrs or ma-ri'nus: The name of two popes.
Marinus I. : Pope 882-884. He was the son of a priest named Palumbus, of Gallese in Tuscany, was a subdeacon under Leo IV. (847-855), and became a deacon in 862 or soon after. In 866 he was sent as one of Nicholas I.'s envoys to the eastern emperor, but was stopped on the Greco-Bulgarian frontier and forced to return to Rome. He was in attendance upon the eighth ecumenical council as legate of Adrian II., Nov., 869-Feb., 870, and was recognized as the most capable Roman representative. He next became treasurer (arcarius) of the Roman see, archdeacon, and bishop of Caere in Etruria. He represented John VIII. in the negotiations of 879-880 with Charles the Fat, and went again to Constantinople in the latter year to persuade Photius into submission, but failed and was imprisoned. He was elected pope in Dec, 882, the
Marinus Mark