RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Mayer Meade
Italy he held a command as captain in the papal army, and finally entered the service of the church. As secretary to Cardinal Sacchetti, he came to France in 1629. His diplomatical ability was immediately recognized; and his partiality to French interests was so pronounced, that in 1639 he was naturalized as a French citizen, and entered the service of the king. In 1641 he was made cardinal, and in 1642 succeeded Richelieu as prime-minister of France, in which position he continued till his death. Partly from religious indifference, and partly from political calculation, he showed great tolerance to the Huguenots. May 21, 1655, he solemnly renewed all edicts in their favor, and at times showed considerable courage in resisting the fanaticism of the Roman-Catholic clergy. Turenne and Gaston retained their positions in the army; and Herworth, a Protestant banker, was made controller-general, in spite of a formidable opposition. The last great favor he showed the Reformed was the permission in 1659 to convoke the synod of Loudun. [Mention should be made of the intervention of France, under Mazarin's guidance, in the Thirty Years' War (q.v.), in pursuance of the purpose to prevent the Hapsburgers from scoring a victory. The Peace of Westphalia (see Westphalia, Peace of), with its recognition of the equal rights of Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed, was in part the result, a. h. n.]
Bibliography: The first source is the correspondence of Mazarin, ed. A. Cheruel, in Collection des documents inidits sur I'hist. de France, Paris, 1872-94. The best modern works on the subject are: A. Cheruel, Hist, de France pendant la minorite de Louis XIV., 4 vols., Paris, 1879— 1880; idem, Hist, de France sous le ministere de Cardinal Mazarin, 2 vols., ib. 1881-82. Consult further, V. Cousin, Jeunesse de Mazarin, ib. 1865; A. Desprez, Richelieu et Mazarin, ib. 1883; idem, Mazarin et son ceuvre, ib. 1883; J. Bourelly, Cromwell et Mazarin, ib. 1886; G. Masson, Mazarin, London, 1886; J. B. Perkins, France under Mazarin, New York, 1886; A. Hassall, Mazarin, London, 1903.
MAZDAISM. See Zoroaster, Zoroastrianism.
MAZDAZNAN. See Zend Folk.
MAZZOLINI, SILVESTRO. See Prierias, Silvester.
MEAD, CHARLES MARSH: Congregationalist; b. at Cornwall, Vt., Jan. 28, 1836. He was educated at Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vt. (A.B., 1856), after which he taught for two years (1856-58) at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and one year (1858-59) at Middlebury College. He received his theological education at Andover Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated in 1862. He then studied at the universities of Halle and Berlin until 1866 (Ph.D., Tubingen, 1866), and on his return to the United States was appointed professor of Hebrew in Andover Theological Seminary, a position which he held until 1882. He then spent ten years in Germany, and from 1892 until his retirement from active life in 1898 was professor of Christian theology in Hartford Theological Seminary. In 1872 he became a member of the American Bible Revision Committee (Old Testament). In addition to preparing the volume on Exodus for the American edition of J. P. Lange's
commentary on the Bible (New York, 1876), and besides translating a portion of I. A. Dorner's " System of Christian Ethics " (in collaboration with R. T. Cunningham; 1887), he has written The Soul Here and Hereafter: A Biblical Study (Boston, 1879); Supernatural Revelation: An Essay concerning the Basis of the Christian Faith (L. P. Stone lectures at Princeton Theological Seminary; New York, 1889); Romans Dissected (under the pseudonym E. D. McRealsham; 1891); Christ and Criticism (1893); and Irenic Theology (1905).
MEAD (MEDE), JOSEPH: Church of England Biblical scholar; b. at Berden (29 m. n. of London), Essex, Oct., 1586; d. at Cambridge Oct. 1, 1638. He was graduated from the University of Cambridge (M.A., 1610; B.D., 1618), was elected fellow in 1613, and soon after appointed to the Greek lectureship on the Sir Walter Mildmay foundation. He is best known by his Clavis Apocalyptica (Cambridge, 1627; Eng. transl. by R. More, The Key of the Revelation, London, 1643; new transl. by R. B. Cooper, London, 1833). In this and in his In sancti Joannis Apocalypsin commentarius (1632) he advocated the continuistic view of the apocalyptic prophecies. His Works were gathered in two parts (London, 1648; enlarged, 1663-64; again enlarged, with a Life, 1672).
Bibliography: J. Hunt, Hist, of Religious Thought in England, i. 167-168, London, 1870; DNB, xxxvii. 178-180.
MEADE, WILLIAM: Protestant Episcopal bishop; b. near Millwood, Clarke Co., Va., Nov. 11, 1789; d. at Richmond Mar. 14, 1862. He was graduated from Princeton College in 1810; prepared for the ministry under Rev. Walter Addison of Maryland, and was ordained Feb. 24, 1811. He was rector of Christ Church, Alexandria, 1811-13; became curate of Millwood 1813, and afterward rector, and soon was known as an influential leader in his church. In 1823 he was the " Founder of the Protestant-Episcopal Theological Seminary of Virginia," and in 1829 was elected assistant bishop to Bishop Moore of Virginia, succeeding to the charge of the see in 1841. He published Lectures on the Pastoral Office (New York, 1849); Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1856); The Bible and the Classics (New York, 1861).
Bibliography: J. Johns, A Memoir of the Life of . . William Meade, Baltimore, 1867; W. S. Perry, The Episcopate in America, p. 51, New York, 1895.
MEADE, WILLIAM EDWARD: Church of Ireland; bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross; b. at Donaghmore, County Cork, Feb. 24, 1832. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin (B.A., 1857), and was ordered deacon in 1862 and ordained priest in the following year. He was rector of Ardtrea, County Tyrone, from 1864 to 1884, successively prebendary of Armagh (1877-84), treasurer of Armagh Cathedral (1882-85), and archdeacon of Armagh (1885-94). In 1893 he was elected by the Armagh Diocesan Synod as ad interim bishop of Armagh, and in the following year was consecrated bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross. He was also a prebendary in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, in
Meals, Hebrew Mecklenburg-Strelitz