THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
pies," but not " Christianization of the world, if by that is meant the permeating of the world with Christian ideas," although educational, literary, and medical activity are not excluded. Pierson understands it only as " preaching and witness; these two words include everything that is meant by evangelization." Whatever these definitions lack in clearness is supplied by the methodical principles which the movement aims to put in practise. They are as follows: (1) The sending of great hosts of evangelists in order to give all men, in the shortest possible time, the opportunity to hear the Gospel. (2) The greatest haste as well in the sending of missionaries as in the preaching of the Gospel; for this reason preaching becomes the essential missionary duty. Schools, literary activity, and church organization are regarded as of secondary importance. (3) World-wide spread of the preaching; therefore, a scattering of the resources, according to the motto " diffusion, not concentration." These principles are said to be founded on the command of Christ (Matt. xxiv. 14), which ordered preaching to all the world; on the example of the apostles, who as itinerant preachers went rapidly from place to place; and on the connection of the mission with the second coming of Christ which is to be hastened by the speedy proclamation of the Gospel among all peoples. As this view is one-sided and exegetically untenable, ignores the difference between the conditions in the age of the apostles and in the present, and rests upon fond expectations and impatience, so its methodical principles contradict the experience of a century of missions, lack the assurance for the maintenance of the results attained, and leave entirely out of account the grave difficulties which rational mission work must overcome in order to realize even a comprehensible preaching of the Gospel, to say nothing of establishing a firmly founded Christian Church.
This last is the missionary task; the limitation of the task to mere evangelization confuses the means with the end. Established settlements, patient endurance in thorough instruction, faith- 5. The True ful care of souls, earnest church
Method, discipline and wise organization are indispensable, and solid work can not be accomplished hastily over the whole world, certainly not in one generation. The mighty missionary movement, carried forward by sincerely pious men under the motto " evangelization of the world in this generation," has often been a powerful stimulus and contains in many respects much that is encouraging for all missionary workers, but as a reform movement in missionary methods it will have no permanent value. If all signs are not deceptive, a sober second thought has already begun to prevail; after much dearly bought experience, which could have been avoided, the leaders of this movement will accept the principles of missionary methodology which rest upon the experience of a century of mission work. But see Movement, Laymen's Missionary. G. Warneck.
Bibliography: The literature of missions is enormous; titles can be given here only of books which cover more or less suggestively the different fields. Lists of literature are found in great richness in the subject indexes to t lio general catalogues named on pp. xii,-xjii, of vol. i.
of this work, especially in the Subject Index of Fortescue and in the Schlagwort Catalog of Karl Georg. A feature of the Encylopedia of Missions by Dwight et al. (ut inf.) is the bibliography appended to each article, usually short, but good and recent. Further literature is to be found under the various geographical articles in this work, e.g., Africa, and under the biographical articles on various missionaries. For statistics the reader is referred to the reports issued by the various missionary societies, the year-books of the denominations, to the journals devoted to missionary interests, to the articles in this work on the separate denominations, and to such works as: Kirchliches Jahrbuch, Gutersloh (an annual); Ecumenical Missionary Conference, Report on Foreign Missions, 2 vols., New York, 1900; H. P. Beach, Geography and Atlas of Protestant Missions, 2 vols., New York, 1902; J. S. Dennis, Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions, New York, 1901; H. P. Beach, Missionary Literature of the 19th Century; Character and Uses of recent Books on Foreign Missions, in Missionary Review of the World, Feb., 1902; H. O. Dwight, H. A. Tupper, and E. M. Bliss, The Encyclopedia of Missions, New York, 1904; H. O. Dwight, The Blue Book of Missions for 1907, New York, 1907; h!
A. Krose, Katholische Missionsstatistik. Mit einer Darstellung des gegenwartigen Standes der katholischen Heidenmission, Freiburg, 1908.
For Roman Catholic missions in general, consult: Collectanea constitutionum, ac instructionum sanctce sedis ad usum operariorum apostolicorum societatis missionum ad externa, Hongkong, 1905; A. Huonder, Deutsche Jesuitenmissionare des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts, in Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, heft lxxiv., 1871; R. de Martins, La Propaganda Cattolica al secolo xix., Napoli, 1884; A. Pieper, Die Propaganda-Congregation und die nordischen Missionen im xvii. Jahrhundert, Bonn, 1886; A. Launay, Histoire de la societe des missions etrangeres, Paris, 1894; idem, Societe des missions etrangeres; histoire de la mission du Thibet, Paris, 1903; idem, Societe des missions itrangires: documents historiques relatifs a la societe, Vannes, 1905; L. E. Louvet, Les Missions catholiques au xix. sieele, Lyons, 1894; Catholic Missions: Record in Connection with the Society of the Propagation of the Faith, London, 1900; J.
B. Piolet, Les Missions catholiques francaises aux xix. sieele, 6 vols., Paris, 1900; P. Peeters, Les Missions catholiques et les langues indigenes, Brussels, 1905; A. Huonder, Der einheimische Klerus in den Heidenlandern, Freiburg, 1909.
Literature on the separate continents is as follows: For America of first importance is the massive collection, Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, ed. R. G. Thwaites, 73 vols, and index, Cleveland, 1896 sqq.; J. G. Shea, History of Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States from 1SS9 A.D. to 1854 A.D., New York, 1857; W. I. Kip, The Early Jesuit Missions in North America, Albany, 1873; C. Hawley, Early Chapters in Cayuga History, Jesuit Missions in Goi-o-Gouen, 1656-84; also Sulpitian Mission among Cayugas about Quinte Bay 1668, Auburn, N.Y., 1879; J. Cardus, Las Missiones franciscanas entre los infideles de Bolivia, 1883-84, Barcelona, 1886; S. R. Monner, Misiones guaraniticas 1607-1800, Buenos Ayres, 1892; A. Coll, Segunda memoria de las Misiones de Fernando Poo, Madrid, 1899; G. W. James, In and out of the Old Missions of California; an Account of the Franciscan Missions, Boston, 1905. For Africa consult: L. Bethune, Les Missions catholiques d'Afrique, Lille, 1889; F. Klein, Le Cardinal Lavigerie et ses azuvres d'Afrique, Paris, 1890; M. J., L'Ouganda; la mission, catholique et les agents de la compagnie anglaise, Paris, 1893; E. Colin and P. Sceau, Madagascar et la mission catholique, Paris, 1895; Societe des missionaires d'Afrique, Peres Blancs memento chronologique, Paris, 1900; A. de Carouge, Une Mission en Ethiopie d'apres les memoires du Cardinal Massaja, Paris, 1902; M. M. Mulhall, Explorers in thelNew World before and after Columbus, and the Story of the Jesuit Missions of Paraguay, London, 1909. For Asia consult: C. M. Caddell, History of Roman Catholic Missions in Japan and Paraguay, London and New York, 1856; W. Strickland, Catholic Missions in Southern India to 1865, London, 1865; Berthold-Ignace, Histoire de la mission de Perse par les peres Carmes-Dechausses, 1604-18, Brussels, 1887; L. de Guzman, Historia de la misiones de la Compania de Jesus en I' India y China, Bilbao, 1891; L. Guiot, La Mission du Su-Tchuen au xviii. sieele, Paris, 1892; A. F. Cardim, Batalhas da Companhia de Jesus na sua prorincia do Japao, Lisbon, 1894; M. Jullien, La Nouvelle Mission